UnitSixCultureAndMedia文化與傳媒Itiseasytothinkofexamplesofculturebutdifficulttodefinetheterm.TheBritishmusicianandartistBrianEnohadatry,suggestingthat“Cultureiswhatwedon’thavetodo”.Wecanexplainhisdefinitionbyconsideringhowmuchcultureisapartofthesmallestdetailsofourlives:wehavetoeat,butwedon’thavetoeatriceasJapanesesushiorSpanishPaella;wehavetowalk,butwedon’thavetodanceCowboylinedancesorViennesewaltzes.Whateverwedon’tstrictlyhavetodo,fromfoodtofashiontofurniture,becomespartofourindividualcultures.文化這個(gè)詞，給它舉例容易，但給它下定義卻不容易。英國(guó)音樂家和藝術(shù)家布萊恩伊諾認(rèn)為：“所謂文化是我們沒必要刻意去做些什么”。我們可以這樣來解釋他的定義：文化是我們生活的最小的細(xì)節(jié)，我們必須吃，但不一定吃米飯（不必像日本人必須吃壽司及西班牙人必吃海鮮飯一樣）：我們必須走路，但不一定要跳舞；即使跳舞也未必都跳牛仔系列舞蹈或維也納圓舞曲。無論我們隨意做什么，從食品到服裝再到家具，都是我們個(gè)人文化的一部分。Cultureoftenresultsfromaproblem-solvingactivity.WhentheIndianpeasantwomanpreparesherfood,thedrieddungofcowsservesasfuel.Itisaneasilyavailablefuelsourceinacountrylackingextensiveforestsorcoalandoildeposits.Suchfuelswould,inanycase,betooexpensive.Andbecausedriedcowdungburnsslowlyandevenlyatalowtemperature,thewomancanleavethecookingfireunattendedandgotoworkinthefieldwhiletheeveningmealslowlysimmers.文化來源于解決問題的活動(dòng)。印度的農(nóng)婦準(zhǔn)備食物時(shí)，干牛糞是她的燃料。對(duì)于缺乏豐富的森林、煤炭和石油資源的國(guó)家來說，干牛糞是一種容易獲得的燃料。在如何情況下這種燃料也過于昂貴。而且因?yàn)楦膳＜S燃燒緩慢，低溫均勻，女人可以離開爐火到田里干活，任由晚餐慢慢煨熟。InChina,wherecoalhasbeentheprincipalcookingfuelforcenturies,adifferentcuisinehasemerged.Coalproducesextremelyhighheatforashortperiodoftime.Dishescookedusingcoalideallyfeaturefoodscutintosmallpiecesandquicklystir-fried.Foodcultureshaveemergednotjustfromtheingredientsavailablelocally,butalsothetoolsandmethodsavailabletopreparethem.在中國(guó)，煤炭一直是幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來烹飪各種美食的主要燃料。煤炭在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)能產(chǎn)生非常高的熱量。用煤來煮菜最好是把食物切成細(xì)小塊并迅速翻炒。飲食文化不僅來自在當(dāng)?shù)噩F(xiàn)有的材料中，而且還來自炒菜工具和備菜的方法中。Althoughmanyofthereasonsforthedevelopmentoftheseculturefoodpracticesarechanging,peoplestillrelyonpartsofthem.HomechefsinIndiaandChinaarebothincreasinglylikelytousemicrowaveovenstoheatuppre-madefoodsbutstillfavorcurriesanddicedvegetablesandmeatrespectively.盡管這些飲食文化的發(fā)展有很多原因，實(shí)際情況一直在變化，但人們對(duì)其中部分飲食文化仍有依賴。印度和中國(guó)的家庭廚師使用微波爐來加熱預(yù)制食品的情況頻率越來越高，但仍分別青睞于咖喱、蔬菜丁和肉類。Shiftsintraditionalcultureareinfluencedbytechnology,aswellasthemedia.Mediaincludesnotjusttraditionalnewssourcessuchasnewspapers,magazines,radioandtelevision,butalsomovies,whichoftendepictculturesinpositiveandsometimesnegativeways.Inwhateverform,mediaincreasinglyinformsandshapesopinionaroundtheworldandworksinseveralwaystospreadcultures,todestroythemandtopreservethem.傳統(tǒng)文化的遷徙既受技術(shù)影響，也受媒體的影響。媒體不僅僅包括諸如報(bào)紙，雜志，廣播和電視等傳統(tǒng)的新聞來源，還包括電影。電影以積極或有時(shí)以消極的方式體現(xiàn)文化。無論以什么形式，媒體提供的信息越來越多地改變?nèi)说挠^念，并同時(shí)用幾種方式傳播文化、破壞文化和保存文化。Themoststrikingexampleofmediaspreadingculturehasbeenintheinternationaladoptionofrockandrollmusic.Althoughrecordproducershavetriedtomakemoneybysellingadvertisingalongsidemusicvideos,therealimpacthasbeenagrassrootsmovementamongyoungpeoplewhohaveheardnewsoundsthattheyrelatetoandhaveadopted.Oftenthisvirus---likeadoptionofrockandrollmusichadbeenmoderatedandredefined,suchasoftenincorporatingtraditionalinstrumentstoaccompanytheusualguitarsanddrums.媒體傳播文化的最顯著的例子要數(shù)搖滾樂在世界的流行。雖然唱片制作人試圖通過銷售音樂視頻廣告來賺錢，真正的影響卻是在年輕人當(dāng)中形成了草根運(yùn)動(dòng)，這些年輕人喜歡聽并播放與他們有關(guān)的音樂。通?，F(xiàn)在播放的搖滾樂的節(jié)奏已經(jīng)緩和且優(yōu)雅了，還經(jīng)常結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)樂器吉他和鼓的伴奏。However,suchpan-culturalphenomenaruntheriskofmarginalizingtraditionalmusicalarts.Itonlytakesagenerationortwoforamusicaltraditiontodisappearifolderpractitionersdiebeforepassingontheirskillstotheyoung.Whenanewculturalphenomenonmovesinanddominates,itcansuppressanexistingculture.不過，這種泛文化現(xiàn)象存在著傳統(tǒng)音樂藝術(shù)邊緣化的危險(xiǎn)。如果老醫(yī)生死亡之前沒把他們的技能傳給青年人，他們的技術(shù)就會(huì)在一兩代人中消失，傳統(tǒng)音樂的命運(yùn)也是如此。當(dāng)一個(gè)新的文化現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)并占主導(dǎo)地位時(shí)，它可以抑制現(xiàn)有的文化。Butmediacanalsohaveanoppositerole,helpingtopreserveculture.Bydocumentingdecliningculturalpracticessuchasvariousartformsinfilmandprint,mediahasnotonlypreservedtheseculturalpractices,butalsohelpedtopopularizeanddevelopthem.OneexampleofthisisthespreadofAsianmartialarts,throughmovies.但是，媒體也有相反的作用，它有助于保護(hù)文化。面臨消亡的文化行為通過各種藝術(shù)形式如電影和各種印刷品得以作為檔案保存。媒體不僅保存了這些文化行為，而且有助于普及和發(fā)展這些文化。其中的一個(gè)例子就是通過電影傳播的亞洲武術(shù)。MartialartshavebeenpracticedinChinaandtherestofAsiaforthousandsofyears.Inthepastcenturyorso,theyhadlimitedimpactinternationally,mostlythroughtravelingmartialartsmasterswhowouldsometimesdemonstratetheirabilitiesintouringshows.However,withtheadventofcinema,moviestarssuchasBruceLee,JackieChanandJetLeebegantomakemartialartspopularamongcountlessyoungviewers.ThroughsuchmoviespeoplewereexposedtomartialartsaswellasotherthingsAsianstartedspread.Today,interestinmartialartscontinuesandalmostanyactionmovieyoumightseeislikelytofeatureatleastonemartialartssequence.武術(shù)已經(jīng)在中國(guó)和亞洲的其他國(guó)家流行了幾千年。在過去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)左右，他們?cè)趪?guó)際的影響有限，有時(shí)一些武術(shù)大師主要通過巡回演出形式來展示他們的能力。然而，隨著電影的出現(xiàn)，像李小龍，成龍，李連杰等電影明星開始使武術(shù)在無數(shù)的年輕觀眾中受到歡迎。人們通過這些電影親眼看到了武術(shù)，不知自己如何才能習(xí)得如此本領(lǐng)。對(duì)武術(shù)以及亞洲其它事物的興趣迅速傳播開來，今天，武術(shù)的興趣仍在繼續(xù)，幾乎所有的你可能會(huì)看到動(dòng)作片很可能至少展示一個(gè)武術(shù)序列特征。AsforeignersinfluencedbymoviescometoAsiatolearnaboutmartialarts,theyoftenpickupotherculturalideasandcustomsaswellandreturnhomewiththem,oftenadaptingthemtotheirowncircumstancesandtastes.Inthisway,mediahasultimatelyhelpedculturenotjusttospread,butalsotoevolveintonewandinterestingform.受電影影響來亞洲學(xué)習(xí)武術(shù)的外國(guó)人，他們除了學(xué)習(xí)武術(shù)還經(jīng)常學(xué)習(xí)其他文化觀念和習(xí)俗，并把這些文化觀念和習(xí)俗帶回家，常常使它們適應(yīng)自己的情況和口味。這樣，媒體最終不僅讓文化得到了傳播，而且還使文化變成新的和有趣的形式。NewWordsdetail//n細(xì)節(jié)，具體情況individual//adj.個(gè)別的，單獨(dú)的，個(gè)人的dung//n.家畜糞便fuel//n.燃料deposit//n.堆積物，沉淀物；存款；定金v.放置；存儲(chǔ)；使沉積unattended//adj.無人照顧的，未被注意的simmer//vt.慢煮，煨，燉cuisine//n.烹飪法，菜肴，菜系emerge//vi.呈現(xiàn)，浮現(xiàn)，暴露，形成stir-fried//adj.用旺火煸的，用旺火炒的ingredient//n.配料，配方；成分，因素chef//n.主廚，廚師長(zhǎng)curry//n.咖喱，咖喱粉dice//v.把食物切成方塊，切成丁respectively//adv.各自地，分別地shift//v.n.變化，移動(dòng)，移位；輪班depict//v.描述，描寫preserve//v.保護(hù)，保留adoption//n.采用；收養(yǎng)alongside//prep.在……旁邊，與……并排grassroots//n.基層，基層群眾；基礎(chǔ)virus//n.病毒moderate//adj.適度的，適中的，合理的incorporate//v.合并，結(jié)合accompany//v.陪伴，伴隨，與……同時(shí)發(fā)生pan-cultural//adj.泛文化的phenomena//n.(pl.)現(xiàn)象phenomenon(sing.)marginalize//v.使處于社會(huì)邊緣；忽視，排斥dominate//v.支配，占優(yōu)勢(shì)suppress//v.壓制，抑制；禁止document//n.文件，公文v.記錄，記載（詳情）decline//v.傾斜，衰退popularize//v.宣傳，推廣，普及martial//adj.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的；尚武的martialartsn.(pl.)武術(shù)demonstrate//v.示范，證明，論證advent//n.（尤指不尋常的人或事）出現(xiàn)，到來feature//v.以……為特色；起重要作用；（在電影中）使成為主要節(jié)目sequence//n.順序，次序；一系列，一連串；一組鏡頭PhrasesandExpressionsthinkof想起，有……的看法resultfrom由……產(chǎn)生inanycase無論如何cutinto切成，分成incorporate…to…結(jié)合；納入runtheriskof冒……的險(xiǎn)passon…to傳遞withtheadventof隨著……的出現(xiàn)beexposedto遭受，暴露于pickup（自然而然地）學(xué)會(huì)（語言、技能等）adapt(oneself)to使……適應(yīng)（新情況）；改編，改寫evolveinto慢慢形成注釋：BrianEno布萊恩*埃諾，英國(guó)現(xiàn)代著名音樂家，情景音樂大師。作為偉大的革新派流行音樂家，埃諾以其在1978年左右推出的MusicforFilm等專輯創(chuàng)造了Ambient（氛圍音樂）。在輕輕律動(dòng)的電子樂演奏中，埃諾取消了傳統(tǒng)樂曲中的主線式發(fā)展結(jié)構(gòu)，使一種復(fù)雜的音樂聽起來只是一種簡(jiǎn)單的音樂背景。Sushi壽司（日本米食）：包在海藻里的涼的煮熟小米餅，上面抹醋，頂上蓋有或四周包有生魚片或熟魚片、雞蛋或蔬菜。Paella西班牙式什錦蒸飯：一種用米、蔬菜、肉、雞以及海味等多種混合物蒸出來的什錦飯。Cowboylinedances牛仔排排舞：一種有群體精神的現(xiàn)代舞蹈，有著強(qiáng)勁節(jié)拍的音樂和動(dòng)作輕松的舞步。Viennesswaltzes維也納華爾茲。華爾茲舞：一種首拍強(qiáng)的三拍舞蹈。ExercisesⅠ.ReadingComprehensionDirections:Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationinthetext.WhatiscultureaccordingtoParagraph1?Culturecanbedefinedas“whatwedon’thavetodo”.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebyusingexamplesofcookingfuelinIndiaandChina?Cultureoftenresultsfromaproblem-solvingactivity.Whatcausestheshiftoftraditionalculture?Shiftsintraditionalcultureareofteninfluencedbytechnology,aswellasmedia.Inhowmanywaysdoesmediainfluenceculture?Giveanexampleforeach.Mediaspreadcultures,todestroythemandpreservethem.Mediaspreadsculture.Example:theinternationaladoptionofrockandrollmusic.Mediadestroyculture.---whenoldpractitionersdiebeforepassingontheirskillstotheyoung.---whenanewdominantculturecomesinandsuppressestheexistingculture.Mediapreserveculture.---bydocumentingdecliningculturesinfilmorprint,i.e.martialarts.Whatisthe“pan-cultural”phenomenon?Aphenomenonthatincludesallcultures.Ⅱ.VocabularyDirections:Fillintheblankswiththewordsorphrasesgivenbelow,changetheformwherenecessary.emergerespectivelyincorporatemoderateshiftdominatepopularizedemonstrateadventruntheriskofexposeadapt(oneself)featureshiftpickupSoapoperashavehelpedinloweringBrazil’sbirthratebecausetheypopularizebirthcontrolmeasures.Withoutproperlessons,youcouldpickupalotofbadhabitswhenplayingthepiano.TheadventofInternettechnologyhastransformedthewaypeoplecommunicatewitheachother.Aftertherain,thesunemergedfrombehindtheclouds.Assoonasspacemenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtotheradiationfromthesunbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.Specialistsininterculturalstudiessaythatitisnoteasytoadapt(oneself)tolivingindifferentcultures.Makinginvestment,insomesense,isallaboutrunningtheriskoflosingthemoney.Publicattitudestowardsmarriagehaveshiftedoverthepast50years.WomeninSaudiArabiatendtobeunderthedominationoftheirhusbandsoncetheygetmarried.Awomanistreatedassimplepossessionofherhusband.Inthejobinterview,youmustbeabletodemonstratethatyouarethebestcandidatefortheposition.Ⅲ.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromthetextintoChinese.Itiseasytothinkofexamplesofculturebutdifficulttodefinetheterm.文化這個(gè)詞，給它舉例不難，但給它下定義卻不容易。Inwhateverform,mediaincreasinglyinformsandshapesopinionaroundtheworldandworksinseveralwaystospreadcultures,todestroythemandtopreservethem.無論是哪種形式，媒體提供的信息越來越多地改變著世人的觀念，并同時(shí)以幾種方式傳播文化、毀滅文化和保存文化。Themoststrikingexampleofmediaspreadingculturehasbeenintheinternationaladoptionofrockandrollmusic.媒體傳播文化的最顯著的例子要數(shù)搖滾樂在全世界的流行。Bydocumentingdecliningculturalpracticessuchasvariousartformsinfilmandprint,mediahasnotonlypreservedtheseculturalpractices,butalsohelpedtopopularizeanddevelopthem.面臨消滅的文化行為通過各種藝術(shù)形式如電影和各種印刷品得以作為檔案保存。媒體不僅保存了這些文化行為，而且有助于普及和發(fā)展這些文化。Throughsuchmoviespeoplewereexposedtomartialartsandwonderedhowtheymightlearnsimilarskills.AninterestinmartialartsaswellasotherthingsAsianstartedspread.人們通過電影親眼看到了武術(shù)，不知自己如何才能習(xí)得如此本領(lǐng)。對(duì)武術(shù)以及亞洲其他事物的興趣迅速傳播開來。Ⅳ.WritingDirection:WithaB.S.degree,youareplanningtohavefurthereducation.Pleasewriteanapplicationlettertoapplyfortheadmissiontoamasterprograminbusinessadministrationandmanagement.Entrancedateisspring,2009orfall,2009.Box123,EastUniversity100PeaceRd.,NanningGuangxi,530000,P.R.CAugust24,2008SchoolofGraduateStudiesQueen’sUniversityKinstonOntarioCanadaN8B2P3DearSir/Madam,MynameisLiMing.IgraduatedfromtheCommercialCollege,EastUniversityin2001andobtainedaB.S.degree.Sincethen,Ihavebeenworkinginthisuniversityasateacher.Withaviewtogetsomeadvancedstudies,ItooktheexamofTOEFLin2007andgotascoreof620.Now,IamwritingtoyoutoapplyfortheadmissiontopursuetheMaster’sdegreeinBusinessAdministrationandManagementinyouruniversity.Myintendeddateofentranceisspring,2009orfall,2009.Iamalsoapplyingforascholarshiporanassistantshipwhichwillenablemetogotoyouruniversitysooner.Ishouldgreatlyappreciateitifyouwouldmailthenecessaryapplicationmaterialtomeasearlyaspossible.Yourssincerely,LiMingUnitSevenHowCanTheGovernmentHelpPeopleProtectTheirHealth?政府如何能幫助人們保護(hù)他們的健康？Mostoftheillhealthwesuffercouldbepreventedifpeoplemademoreefforttochangetheirlifestyles.Insteadmanypeoplecontinuetosmoke,todrinkexcessivelyandtoeatunbalanceddiets.Howcangovernmentshelppeopleprotecttheirhealthandavoidprematuredeath?我們所患的大多數(shù)疾病都是可以預(yù)防的假如人們付出更多的努力去改變生活方式，相反的是許多人繼續(xù)抽煙，過量飲酒和吃不平衡的膳食。政府如何能幫助人們保護(hù)他們的健康和避免過早死亡？Well,manyofthemeasureswhichneedtobetakenareprimarilyamatterofnewlegislationandneednotbeexpensive.Oneofthefirstpreventivehealthmeasuresshouldbeanincreaseintaxesontobaccotothepointatwhichconsumptionfallsoff.Theaimshouldbetoraisethesameamountofrevenuefromadecreasingnumberofpeople.Intheshorttermsuchapolicycouldevenraiseextramoneywhichshouldthenbespentonsubsidizingsportsothatadvertisingtobaccothroughsportssponsorshipcouldbebanned.在需要采取的許多措施中首先的是新的立法問題以及這些措施的費(fèi)用要低。第一批的預(yù)防措施之一是應(yīng)該增加對(duì)煙草的征稅，征稅幅度的提高要達(dá)到煙草消費(fèi)量的下降的幅度，其目的應(yīng)該是從減少的消費(fèi)人數(shù)中征收到同樣的稅收。從短期來看，實(shí)行這樣的政策甚至能征收到額外的稅收，所征收來的稅收應(yīng)用于資助體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，這樣就可以禁止以體育贊助為名做煙草廣告。Legislationisbadlyneededtobanalladvertisingoftobaccoproductsasitpersuadespeopletosmokemoreandsoisinalargepartresponsiblefortheillhealthandthousandsofprematuredeathscausedbycancerofthelung.Othermeasuresshouldbeenforced,suchasamuchtougherhealthwarningoncigarettepackets,andtobaccocompaniesshouldbemadetocontributetoresearchintoacureforlungcancer.政府非常需要立法來禁止所有刊登煙草產(chǎn)品的廣告，因?yàn)檫@些廣告勸說人們更多地去吸煙，因此要為人們的不健康和成千上萬人因肺癌而過早死亡承擔(dān)大部分的責(zé)任。政府也要強(qiáng)制實(shí)行其它的措施，比如更為嚴(yán)格要求在香煙包裝上標(biāo)明健康警告。Alcoholismcouldbepreventedbymakingwines,spiritsandstrongbeersmoreexpensiveandtherevenueraisedcouldbeusedtosetupclinicstohelpthepeoplewhoalreadyhaveadrinkproblemandwanttogiveup.Similarlyalladvertisingofalcoholshouldbebannedandcompensationpaidtofamiliesofalcoholicswhodieofcirrhosisoftheliver.預(yù)防酒精中毒可通過使釀制葡萄酒，烈性酒和度數(shù)高的啤酒的成本增加，所征收的稅收可用于建立診所來幫助那些已有酗酒問題和想要戒酒的人們。同樣地政府應(yīng)該禁止所有的酒類廣告，把補(bǔ)償金支付給有家人因酗酒而死于肝硬化的家庭。InGreatBritainthenationaldietwasrecentlyblamedbytheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansasamajorcauseofheartdisease.Itmayalsobeacauseofbreastandbowelcancer.However,areportpublishedbytheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecuritydoesnotagreewiththefindings.InfacttheUnitedKingdomseemstostandaloneamongsome14developedcountriesastheonlyonewhoseDepartmentofHealthdoesnotrecognizetheimportanceofanimalfatsindietasacauseofheartdisease.TheDHSSshouldnowreassessitspositionandtaketheadviceofabroaderspectrumofexperts.最近在英國(guó)皇家醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)將心臟病發(fā)生的主要原因歸咎于國(guó)民的飲食。這可能也是導(dǎo)致乳腺癌和腸癌發(fā)生的原因。然而，健康和社會(huì)安全部發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告并不認(rèn)同這樣的結(jié)果。事實(shí)上，英國(guó)似乎采取與其它的14個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不同的態(tài)度，是唯一的一個(gè)國(guó)家健康部門不承認(rèn)動(dòng)物脂肪是導(dǎo)致心臟病發(fā)作的重要原因。健康和社會(huì)安全部現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該再評(píng)估其立場(chǎng)并接受來自更廣泛范圍專家的意見。Acountry’sfoodandagriculturalpolicyshouldalsobebasedonacoherenthealthpolicy.Forpoliticalreasonsitisconsideredimportanttohavearelativelycheapsupplyofeggs,cheeseandmilk,theveryfoodswhichareblamedasthecauseofheartdiseasewheneateninexcess.Andevenifitisdisputedthatexcessanimalfatisharmfultohealth,foodscouldbelabeledwiththeaveragepercentageofdifferentfatssothatconsumerswhowantedtoreducetheirsaturatedfatintakewouldbeabletodosoeasily.Foodlabelsshouldclearlystatethesugarcontentofthefood,sinceexcesssugarinthedietisthemajorcauseofdentaldecayandtoothlossandmayalsobeafactorinheartdisease.ThegovernmentinBritainhasputmostofitsresourcesintobackingfluoridationinsteadoffinancinghealthwarningonsweetsandsweetfoods.MoreseveremeasuressuchasrestrictionsonTVadvertisingofsweetstochildrencouldalsobeenforced.一個(gè)國(guó)家的食物與農(nóng)業(yè)政策也應(yīng)該以相應(yīng)的健康政策為基礎(chǔ)。出于政治原因，供應(yīng)價(jià)格相對(duì)便宜的蛋類、乳酪和牛奶很重要。而正是這些食物，有人怪罪說，如果吃得過多，就會(huì)引發(fā)心臟病即使大家對(duì)過量攝入動(dòng)物脂肪是否會(huì)對(duì)健康有害爭(zhēng)論不休，食品上也應(yīng)該表明各種脂肪的平均百分?jǐn)?shù)，一邊是那些想降低飽和脂肪攝入量的消費(fèi)者可以容易地達(dá)到目的。食物上的標(biāo)簽明確說明該食物中糖的含量，因?yàn)轱嬍持羞^多的糖是導(dǎo)致齲齒及牙齒缺損的主要原因。也可能是引發(fā)心臟病的一個(gè)因素。英國(guó)政府把大部分資金不是用于資助做糖果和甜食有害健康的告誡宣傳，而是投入到加強(qiáng)氟化物的研究中去。還可以推行一些更為嚴(yán)厲的措施，如限制在電視上向兒童做糖果廣告。Muchmorecouldbedonetoimprovepeople’sdietinBritainandeveryoneshouldbeencouragedtoeatthetypesoffoodwhicharegoodforhealth.Currentresearchonthenutritionalvalueoffoodsshouldbefreelyavailableandthegovernmentshouldcontroltheadvertisingof“rubbish”food.AprogramofhealtheducationandlessonsonsensibleeatingcouldbestartedintheschoolswiththeGovernment’sbacking.在英國(guó)政府可以采取更多的措施去改善人們的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)每一個(gè)人去吃對(duì)健康有益的食物種類應(yīng)該免費(fèi)提供食物營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的最新研究成果，應(yīng)該限制“垃圾”食品的廣告宣傳。政府可資助在學(xué)校開設(shè)合理飲食方面健康教育的課程。Finally,thegovernmentshouldinvestinthenation’shealthbyfundingmoreclinicsforhealthscreening;theearlydetectionofdiseasecouldsavemanylivesandeventuallywouldprovelesscostlythentheprovisionofhospitalbeads,drugs,doctor’sservices,etc.,whichbecomenecessaryifthediseaseisnotcaughtatanearlystage.Governmentsshouldcertainlyrethinktheirpolicytowardspeople’shealthandemphasisshouldbeputuponpreventionratherthancure.最后，政府應(yīng)該在國(guó)民健康方面的進(jìn)行投資，其方式可通過撥款建立更多的診所進(jìn)行健康篩查疾病的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)可以挽救許多人的生命，這最終將會(huì)證明能減少費(fèi)用以及病床，藥物的提供和醫(yī)生的服務(wù)等等，假如不能早期發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病，這些就變得十分的必需。政府必須反思其制定的國(guó)民健康政策，重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在預(yù)防而不是治療。NewWordsexcessive//adj.過多的；過分的，極度的legislation//n.立法consumption//n.消耗量，消費(fèi)量；消耗，消費(fèi)revenue//n.收入總額；（國(guó)家的）收入，稅收advertise//vt.為……做廣告；大肆宣揚(yáng)ban//vt.禁止；取締cancer//n.癌lung//n.肺spirit//n.酒精compensation//n.補(bǔ)償（金），賠償（物）cirrhosis//n.肝硬化liver//n.肝breast//n.乳房；胸脯bowel//n.腸security//n.安全finding//n.發(fā)現(xiàn)（物）；調(diào)查（或研究）的結(jié)果kingdom//n.王國(guó)；領(lǐng)域，界spectrum//n.范圍；譜，光譜，波譜coherent//adj.連貫的，首尾一致的excess//n.超越，超過；過度，過剩，過量adj.過量的，額外的saturate//vt.使飽和intake//n.吸入，納入（量）dental//adj.牙齒的，牙科的back//v.支持；（使）后退，（使）倒退backing//n.支持fluoridation//n.加氟作用nutritional//adj.營(yíng)養(yǎng)的detection//n.察覺，發(fā)覺；偵察，探測(cè)provision//n.供應(yīng)；準(zhǔn)備，預(yù)備；條款，規(guī)定PhrasesandExpressionsmakeanefforttodo做出……的努力amatterof………的事，……的問題falloff下降，跌落；減少intheshortterm從短期觀點(diǎn)來看inalargepart在很大程度上takeadvice接受意見putemphasison…把重點(diǎn)放在……，著重于ProperNamestheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians（英國(guó)）皇家醫(yī)學(xué)院theDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity(DHSS)（英國(guó)）衛(wèi)生與社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)部ExercisesⅠ.ReadingComprehensionDirections:Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationinthetext.Howmanyaimscanbeachievedbyincreasingtaxesontobacco?Whatarethey?Fouraims.Theyare:1)toreducetheamountoftobaccoconsumed;2)todecreasethenumberofpeoplewhosmoke;3)toraisethesameamountofrevenue;4)tostopadvertisingtobaccothroughsportssponsorship.Whyislegislationbadlyneededtobanalladvertisingoftobaccoproducts?Becauseitpersuadespeopletosmokemoreandsoisinalargepartresponsiblefortheillhealthandthousandsofprematuredeathscausedbycancerofthelungs.HowdoesthegovernmentinBritainhelppeopleprotecttheirhealth?Byfinancing(funding)fluoridation.Whyshouldgovernmentsputmoreemphasisonpreventionthanoncure?Becausetheearlydetectionofdiseasecouldsavemanylives,andeventuallywouldsavealotofmoney.Howcanthegovernmenthelppeopleprotecttheirhealthandavoidprematuredeath?First,newlegislationshouldbeenacted.Second,acountry’sfoodandagriculturalpolicyshouldbemadeonthebasisofaconsistenthealthpolicy.Third,governmentsshouldputmoreemphasisonpreventionthanoncure.Ⅱ.VocabularyDirections:Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow,changetheformwherenecessary.kingdomlegislationcancerlungtakeadvicefindingprovisionbreastdieofintheshorttermeffortamatterofsecurityfalloffdetectionThecommitteereporteditsfindingsafterathoroughinvestigation.Theprovisionswetookwithustocampincludedmeat,bread,milk,sugarandfruit.Theoldmandiedofcancer.Intheshorttermweexpecttolosemoneyontheproductbutinalongtermwehopetomakelargeprofits.Thiscreaturehasthelargesteyesinthewholeanimalkingdom.Skatingisjustamatterofpractice.Jenniemadeagreatefforttoforcehermindtootherquestions.Myfamily’shealthandsecurityareofthegreatestimportancetome.legislationIsthedutyofacongress.Youhavetwolungsinyourchest,andwhenyoubreathein,youfillthemwithair.Ⅲ.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassagefromthetextintoChinese.Acountry’sfoodandagriculturalpolicyshouldalsobebasedonacoherenthealthpolicy.Forpoliticalreasonsitisconsideredimportanttohavearelativelycheapsupplyofeggs,cheeseandmilk,theveryfoodswhichareblamedasthecauseofheartdiseasewheneateninexcess.Andevenifitisdisputedthatexcessanimalfatisharmfultohealth,foodscouldbelabeledwiththeaveragepercentageofdifferentfatssothatconsumerswhowantedtoreducetheirsaturatedfatintakewouldbeabletodosoeasily.Foodlabelsshouldclearlystatethesugarcontentofthefood,sinceexcesssugarinthedietisthemajorcauseofdentaldecayandtoothlossandmayalsobeafactorinheartdisease.ThegovernmentinBritainhasputmostofitsresourcesintobackingfluoridationinsteadoffinancinghealthwarningonsweetsandsweetfoods.MoreseveremeasuressuchasrestrictionsonTVadvertisingofsweetstochildrencouldalsobeenforced.一個(gè)國(guó)家的食物與農(nóng)業(yè)政策也應(yīng)以相應(yīng)的健康政策為基礎(chǔ)。出于政治原因，供應(yīng)價(jià)格相對(duì)便宜的蛋類、乳酪和牛奶很重要，而正是這些食物，有人怪罪說，如果吃得過多，就會(huì)引發(fā)心臟病。即使大家對(duì)過量攝入動(dòng)物脂肪是否會(huì)對(duì)健康有害這個(gè)話題爭(zhēng)論不休，食品上也應(yīng)該標(biāo)明各種脂肪的平均百分?jǐn)?shù)，以便使那些降低飽和脂肪攝入量的消費(fèi)者可以容易地達(dá)到目的。食物上的標(biāo)簽應(yīng)明確說明該食物中糖的含量，因?yàn)轱嬍持羞^多的糖是導(dǎo)致齲齒及牙齒缺損的主要原因，也可能是引發(fā)心臟病的一個(gè)因素。英國(guó)政府把大部分資金不是用于資助做糖果和甜食有害健康的告誡宣傳，而是投入到加強(qiáng)氟化物的研究中去。還可以推行一些更為嚴(yán)厲的措施，如限制在電視上向兒童做糖果廣告。Ⅳ.Writing記敘文是英語寫作中最基本的文體形式。通過記敘和描寫的方法來寫人或記事，可分為人物記敘文和事件記敘文。人物記敘文只有表現(xiàn)出鮮明的人物性格，文章的主題才能得到生動(dòng)的體現(xiàn)。人物記敘文中的人物主要通過描寫來突顯其性格，有外貌描寫、行為描寫、心理描寫、對(duì)話描寫等，我們可以根據(jù)文章主題的需要來選擇使用。人物的行為最具體、最直接地反映了人物的思想性格、感情等方面的特征。以人物描寫為主的記敘文，在刻畫人物性格時(shí)，也往往通過對(duì)人物行為的描寫來表現(xiàn)：Inschool,Lucyisagoodpupil.Shedoeswellineverysubject.Sheisquiet,diligent(勤奮),andabigsistertothestudentsoflowergrades.Sheistheprotectorofthelittleones.Shewillnotletanyonebully(欺負(fù))them.Sheisfriendlytoeveryoneandalwaysreadytohelpothers.Shelikessports,butshealwaysfinishesherlessonsfirst.I’mhappythatIhavesuchagoodfriend.這一片斷通過對(duì)Lucy學(xué)習(xí)努力、成績(jī)優(yōu)秀、關(guān)心他人、樂于助人等作了簡(jiǎn)要的描述，表現(xiàn)出Lucy的高尚品格。寫人物記敘文，既要有歸納性的句子，也要有具體事例。Exercise:Writeacompositiononthefollowingtopic:ASpecialFriendIHaveASpecialFriendIHaveIhavealotoffriends.Amongthem,Lucyisquiteaspecialgirl.IwasattractedbyhercharacterwhenIfirstmethertwoyearsago.Eventodaysheisstillsospecialandinterestinginmyeyes.Sheisnottall,butverylovely.Shelikestellingjokes,whichmakesuslaughalot.Lucyisverysmart,too.Shecanalwayscomeupwithsomeideaswhenwehaveproblems.Meanwhile,sheneverlaughsatpeopleorenviesanyone.Ihaven’tseensuchanopen-mindedgirllikeheranywherebefore.What’smore,Lucyisanactivegirlandisinterestedineverything.Sheisfondoftryingnewfood,movies,activitiesetc.TimeisalwaysexcitingwhenLucyispresent.IfeelveryluckytohaveLucy,souniqueagirl,asmyfriend.Likeme,peoplecannothelplikingher.SheisreallyagiftofGod.UnitEightHonesty:IsItGoingOutOfStyle?誠(chéng)實(shí)：難道它正在變得不合時(shí)宜？Accordingtoarecentpoll,61percentofAmericanhighschoolstudentshaveadmittedtocheatingonexamsatleastonce.Itcanbearguedsucharesponsemaynotmeanmuch.Afterall,moststudentshavebeenfacedwiththetemptationtopeekataneighbor’stestpaper.Andstudentscanbehardonthemselvesinjudgingsuchbehavior.However,thereareotherindicationsthathighschoolcheatingmaybeontherise.根據(jù)最近的一次民意測(cè)驗(yàn)，61%的美國(guó)中學(xué)生承認(rèn)曾在考試中至少作過一次弊。人們可以爭(zhēng)論說，這樣一種回答也許沒有多大意義。畢竟，大多數(shù)學(xué)生都曾受到過偷看鄰座考卷的誘惑。而學(xué)生們?cè)谠u(píng)論這類行為時(shí)有時(shí)對(duì)自己過于苛求。不過，還有別的一些跡象也表明，中學(xué)時(shí)的作弊想象可能是在上升。Moreandmorestatesarerequiringstudentstopasscompetencytestsinordertoreceivetheirhighschooldiplomas.Andmanyeducatorsfearthatanincreaseintheuseofstateexamswillleadtoacorrespondingriseincheating.AcaseinpointisstudentsinNewYorkStatewhofacedcriminalmisdemeanorchargesforpossessingandsellingadvancecopiesofstateRegentsexaminations.越來越多的州要求學(xué)生通過測(cè)試以取得中學(xué)畢業(yè)文憑。很多教育學(xué)家擔(dān)心，更多地利用州級(jí)考試將會(huì)導(dǎo)致作弊的相應(yīng)增加。一個(gè)明顯的例子就是紐約州的一些學(xué)生，他們因擁有并出售州教育董事會(huì)的考卷樣本而受到刑事犯罪指控。Cheatingisnowconsideredtobeamajorproblemincollegesanduniversities.Severalprofessorssaythey’vedroppedthetraditionaltermpaperrequirementbecausemanystudentsbuyprewrittentermpapers,andtheycan’ttrackdownallthecheatersanymore.現(xiàn)在作弊也被看作是大學(xué)的一大問題了。一些教授說他們已經(jīng)放棄了傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)期論文這一要求，因?yàn)楹芏鄬W(xué)生買來預(yù)先寫好的各種學(xué)期論文，教授們?cè)僖膊椴怀鲎鞅渍吡?。Collegesanduniversitiesacrossthenationhavedecidedtodomorethantalkabouttheriseinstudentcheating.Forinstance,theDepartmentofPsychologyattheUniversityofMarylandlaunchedacampaigntostoponeformofcheating.As409studentsfiledoutoftheirexam,theyfoundallbutoneexitblocked.ProctorsaskedeachstudenttoproduceanIDcardwithanattachedphoto.Studentswhosaidthey’dlefttheirsinthedormorathomehadamugshottaken.Thepurposeofthecampaignwastocatch“ringers,”studentswhotaketestsforotherstudents.全國(guó)各地的大學(xué)已決定采取措施，而不是一味談?wù)搶W(xué)生作弊的上升。例如，馬里蘭大學(xué)心理系就開展了一場(chǎng)制止某種作弊形式的運(yùn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)409名學(xué)生考完后魚貫離開教室時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)除了一個(gè)出口外，所有的出口都堵住了。監(jiān)考人員要求每個(gè)學(xué)生出示帖有照片的身份證。那些說把身份證留在宿舍或家中的學(xué)生都拍了面部照。這一運(yùn)動(dòng)的目的是捉拿“冒名頂替者”，即幫別人代考的學(xué)生。ThemajorityofstudentsattheUniversityofMarylandapplaudedthecampaign.Thecampusnewspapereditorialsaid,“Likepolicearrestingspeeders,theintentisnottocatcheveryonebutrathertocatchenoughtospreadtheword.”馬里蘭大學(xué)的大多數(shù)學(xué)生都鼓掌歡迎這一運(yùn)動(dòng)。?？缯撜f：“就像警察逮捕違法超速駕駛者一樣，這一運(yùn)動(dòng)的目的并不是要捉拿所有的人，而是抓住足夠的作弊者以便把信息傳開去。”Wefrequentlyhearabout“thegoodolddays,”whenAmericanswerebetter,happier,andmorehonest.Butweretheymorehonest?Maybeyes,alongtimeagowhenlifewasverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.我們經(jīng)常聽人談起“美好的往日”，說是那里的美國(guó)人比現(xiàn)在好，比現(xiàn)在幸福，也比現(xiàn)在誠(chéng)實(shí)。但他們真的更誠(chéng)實(shí)嗎？也許他們確實(shí)更誠(chéng)實(shí)，在很久以前，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)的生活跟今天的生活大不相同。SchoolchildrenusedtoknowthestoryofhowAbrahamLincolnwalkedfivemilestoreturnapennyhe’doverchargedacustomer.It’sthekindofstorywethinkofasmyth.ButinthecaseofLincoln,thestoryistrue,unlikethestoryofGeorg