[語法初識]原句感知自主探究①Itcansoundverydifferentfromplacetoplace.②Forexample,withinLondonthemostfamousdialectiscockney.③Onewomanwaslyinginbed,awake.④AcustomercameuptotheauthorholdingacopyofthebookandsaidEmmaChissit.⑤Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.⑥We'llstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.⑦I'llgiveyouananswerimmediatelyI'vefinishedreadingthereport.⑧Theheadofthepanypromisedtodealwithmattersofthissortthemomenthereturnedtohisoffice.⑨Poorashewas,hewashonest.(1)句①③為詞語作狀語，句②為介詞短語作狀語；句④⑤為非謂語動詞作狀語；句⑥⑨為狀語從句。(2)句⑥中的條件狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。(3)句⑦用副詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句；句⑧用名詞性短語引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。(4)句⑨中的狀語從句使用了倒裝語序。[語法剖析]語法點(diǎn)一狀語狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句，說明動作或者狀態(tài)的特征，或?qū)δ程卣鬟M(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的短語來充當(dāng)。一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。Obviously,youranswerisabsolutelywrong.很顯然你的答案絕對錯了。Twoweekslaterhepublishedhisfirstnovel.兩周之后他出版了第一部小說。Wehaveworkedhardintheclassroomallthemorning.整個上午我們都在教室里努力學(xué)習(xí)。Heworkedhardtopasstheexam.他努力學(xué)習(xí)，想通過考試。Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.由于沒有公共汽車了，我們不得不走回家。Encouragedbytheteacher,IdecidedtolearnEnglishwell.在老師的鼓勵下，我決心把英語學(xué)好。[名師點(diǎn)津](1)形容詞作狀語表示伴隨或結(jié)果，并不表示動作的方式。(2)不定式、分詞作狀語必須和句中主語之間含有邏輯上的主謂或動賓關(guān)系，否則一般不能使用不定式、分詞作狀語。Gatheringaroundthefire,thetouristsdancedwiththelocalpeople.那些游客聚在篝火周圍和當(dāng)?shù)厝艘黄鹛?。Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thevillagelooksmorebeautiful.這個村莊從山頂上看起來更漂亮。集中演練1單句語法填空①Hedoeshisworksocarefully(careful)thatheseldommakesmistakes.②Heansweredthequestionfoolishly(foolish).③Left(leave)aloneathome,hefeltverylonely.④Tracywouldn'teatanythingunlesscooking(cook)itherself.⑤Receiving(receive)aninvitationfromhisfriendtovisitLondon,Peterwasveryexcited.⑥Tired(tire)andshortofbreath,theywerethefirsttoreachthetopofMountTai.⑦To_get(get)toschoolontime,hegotupearlier.⑧Hehurriedtoschoolto_find(find)nobodythere.⑨Theshipsankinthesea,killing(kill)allonboard.⑩Heistooyoungto_go(go)toschool.語法點(diǎn)二狀語從句1.時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)間狀語從句常由...than...ile,as,before,after,since,until,assoonas,nosooner...than...,hardly...when,themoment,everytime,immediately等引導(dǎo)。A.when,while,as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句(1)when表示點(diǎn)時(shí)間時(shí)，從句中用短暫性動詞；表示段時(shí)間時(shí)，用延續(xù)性動詞。WhenIarrivedthere,theweddingceremonywasgoingon.我到那的時(shí)候，婚禮儀式正在舉行。(when表示點(diǎn)時(shí)間)WhenIlivedinthecountryside,Iusedtocarrysomewaterforhim.我住在農(nóng)村時(shí)，常常為他擔(dān)水。(when表示段時(shí)間)(2)while表示“在……期間”或“在某一段時(shí)間里”，它所引導(dǎo)的從句的動作是延續(xù)性的，并側(cè)重表示和主句動作的同時(shí)發(fā)生。WhileIwaswaitingforthebus,Isawanaccident.我在等公交車的時(shí)候看到了一起事故。(3)as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句①as表示從句的動作與主句的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生，一般與延續(xù)性動詞連用。Thethiefwascaughtashewasstealinginthesupermarket.小偷在超市行竊時(shí)被逮住了。②as表示“一邊……一邊……”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從句和主句中兩個動作交替進(jìn)行或同步進(jìn)行。Asthestudentswalkedtotheirdorms,theysanghappily.學(xué)生們一邊往宿舍走，一邊快樂地唱著歌。③as還可以說明兩種正在發(fā)展或變化的情況，意為“隨著”，表示時(shí)間的推移。Astimegoeson,it'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.隨著時(shí)間的推移，天氣變得越來越暖和了。B.since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句since表示從過去某一時(shí)間、動作或事情起到目前為止，意思是“自……以來”。引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，since從句中一般用短暫性動詞的一般過去時(shí)。Eversincetheygotmarriedin1950,theyhavelivedhappily.自1950年結(jié)婚以來，他們一直生活得很幸福。[名師點(diǎn)津]since句型中如果從句謂語是延續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)，則它所表示的時(shí)間從該動作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時(shí)算起。Itisthreeyearssincehelivedhere.他不在這兒住有三年了。C.before,after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句(1)before表示在一段時(shí)間之前。after表示在一段時(shí)間之后。Youneedtocheckinanhourbeforeyourflighttakesoff.你需要在航班起飛前一個小時(shí)辦理登機(jī)手續(xù)。Aftertheboyhadfinishedhishomework,heplayedfootballwithhisfriends.這個小男孩在完成作業(yè)后，去和他的小伙伴們踢足球了。(2)before有時(shí)翻譯成“……才……”，“不到……就”，“趁……就”，“還沒(來得及)……就”。HeranoffbeforeIcouldstophim.我還沒來得及阻止他，他就跑掉了。D.till,until引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句(1)如果主句的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞，就常用肯定式表示“直到……為止”；如果主句的謂語動詞是瞬間動詞，就常用否定式表示“直到……才”。Hewillremainincollegeuntil/tillhefinisheshisPh.Dcourse.他將留在學(xué)校里面直到完成他的博士學(xué)位課程。Iwillnotgowithyouuntil/tillIfinishmyhomework.等我做完作業(yè)我才和你一起去。(2)當(dāng)notuntil位于句首時(shí)，主句中的主語、謂語要使用倒裝語序。NotuntilshestoppedcryingdidIleave.直到她不哭了，我才離開。[名師點(diǎn)津](1)until引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但till從句一般不放在句首。(2)在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般只能用until，不用till。ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrecognisedher.直到她摘下墨鏡，我才認(rèn)出她來。E.表示“一……就……”的時(shí)間狀語從句assoonas,once,immediately,instantly,directly,themoment,theminute,theinstant,thesecond,nosooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...when等引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句的動作一發(fā)生，主句的動作隨即就發(fā)生了，即“一……就……”。Assoonaswegothome,thetelephonerang.我們剛到家，電話就響了。Hesaidhe'dturnonTVthemomenthegothome.他說他一回到家就打開電視機(jī)。[名師點(diǎn)津](1)hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than引導(dǎo)的從句中的動詞用一般過去時(shí)，主句中的動詞用過去完成時(shí)。(2)當(dāng)hardly,scarcely,nosooner位于句首時(shí)，主句應(yīng)用倒裝語序。Hardlyhadshefallenasleepwhenaknockatthedoorwokeherup.她剛要睡著，忽然敲門聲把她吵醒了。F.nexttime,thefirsttime,thelasttime,everytime,bythetime等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句Besuretocallonusnexttimeyouetotown.下次你進(jìn)城一定要來看我們。Bythetimeyoucameback,Ihadfinishedthisbook.到你回來時(shí)，我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。(從句為一般過去時(shí)，主句要用過去完成時(shí))2.讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句由although,though,while“雖然，盡管”，as,evenif,eventhough“即使……也……”，however,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever,whenever,wherever,whether...or...“不管……還是……”，nomatter(who,what,etc.)等引導(dǎo)。Althoughtheylackofficialsupport,theycontinuetheirstruggle.他們雖然沒有得到官方的支持，但仍然繼續(xù)奮斗。Evenifyoufail,youwillhavegainedexperience.縱然失敗，你也會得到一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Youngasheis,heknowsalot.盡管他很年輕，但他懂得很多。[名師點(diǎn)津]though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，可以用倒裝語序；as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，必須用倒裝語序，把表語或狀語及謂語動詞的動詞原形置于句首；although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，不可用倒裝語序。3.條件狀語從句條件狀語從句由if,unless,as/solongas(只要),incase(that),onconditionthat,suppose,supposing(that),provided,providingthat等引導(dǎo)。Ifyoudemandhispresence,warnhiminadvance.如果你們要他來，就事先通知他。Youcan'tlearnalanguagewellunlessyouworkhard.除非你努力學(xué)習(xí)，否則是學(xué)不好一門語言的。Weshouldservethepeopleas/solongaswelive.只要我們活著，就應(yīng)該為人民服務(wù)。[名師點(diǎn)津]在條件狀語從句中，通常不用一般將來時(shí)，而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替。4.原因狀語從句原因狀語從句由because,as,since,nowthat等引導(dǎo)。Becauseheisill,heisabsenttoday.他生病了，因此他今天缺席。Sincewelivenearthesea,wecanoftengoswimming.由于我們住得離海近，我們可以經(jīng)常去游泳。5.結(jié)果狀語從句和目的狀語從句(1)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有：so...that,such...that“如此……以至于”，sothat“以至于，所以”等。結(jié)果狀語從句通常置于主句之后。Ididn'tplantheworkwell,sothatIdidn'tfinishitintime.我沒把工作計(jì)劃好，結(jié)果沒按時(shí)完成。Thescientist'sreportwassoinstructivethatwewereallveryexcited.科學(xué)家的報(bào)告很有教育性，我們感到很興奮。(2)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞有：sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等。Theystartedearlysothattheymightarriveintime.他們早點(diǎn)動身，以便準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.最好多帶些衣服以防天氣會冷。6.方式狀語從句和比較狀語從句(1)方式狀語從句常由as,asif,asthough等詞引導(dǎo)，通常位于主句之后。Heactedasif/thoughnothinghadhappened.他裝作似乎什么事也沒發(fā)生過。(2)比較狀語從句由as...as;more...than;themore...,themore...等引導(dǎo)。Ournewschoolisfourtimesasbigastheoldone.我們的新學(xué)校是原來學(xué)校的四倍大。7.地點(diǎn)狀語從句地點(diǎn)狀語從句用連接副詞where或wherever(在任何地方)引導(dǎo)。Juststaywhereyouare.就待在你原來的地方。集中演練2選詞填空so...that，whatever，before，if，although，evenif，as，while，once，since①Wewon'tgiveupeven_ifwemaymeetalotofdifficultiesonthewaytosuccess.②Doasyouaretold,otherwiseyouwillgetintotrouble.③Teenagerscandowhattheycantoachievetheirdreams,althoughmanyadultsdoubtwhethertheyhavetheabilitytodothethings.④Onceyouloseyourcustomers'trust,youwillneverwinitback.⑤Howlongisitsincewelasthadapicnicinthecountrysidetogether?⑥Hewassotiredthathefellasleepwithinseveralminutes.⑦Thisisaverybeautifulnecklace.I'llbuyit,whateveritcosts.⑧ShehadrushedoutoftheroombeforeIcouldsayaword.⑨Ifweknowsomebasictipsaboutfirstaid,wecansaveourselvesandothersinseriousaccidents.⑩Whileheworkssohard,hedidn'twinfirstprizeinthepetition.[鏈接高考]單句語法填空1.(2016·全國丙卷)Overtime,________thepopulationgrew,peoplebegancuttingfoodintosmallpiecessoitwouldcookmorequickly.解析：as考查連詞。as在此處引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“隨著”。2.(2016·浙江高考)Asuddenstopcanbeaveryfrighteningexperience,________(especial)ifyouaretravellingathighspeed.解析：especially句意：突然停止有時(shí)會是很可怕的經(jīng)歷，尤其是在你高速行進(jìn)時(shí)。設(shè)空處需用副詞修飾if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，故答案為especially(尤其)。3.(2016·北京高考)Mygrandfatherstillplaystennisnowandthen,________he'sinhisnineties.解析：eventhough/evenif/although句意：盡管我的爺爺九十多歲了，他仍時(shí)常打網(wǎng)球。根據(jù)句意可知空格處應(yīng)填eventhough/evenif/although。4.(2016·北京高考)Ireallyenjoylisteningtomusic________ithelpsmerelaxandtakesmymindawayfromothercaresoftheday.解析：because/as句意：我真的很喜歡聽音樂，因?yàn)樗梢詭臀曳潘刹⑹刮也徊傩囊惶熘械钠渌隆？崭袂昂鬄橐蚬P(guān)系，故答案為because或as。5.(2016·天津高考)________theaverageageofthepopulationincreases,therearemoreandmoreoldpeopletocarefor.解析：As句意：隨著人口平均年齡的增長，有越來越多的老年人需要照顧。根據(jù)句意可知此處應(yīng)用as引導(dǎo)狀語從句。6.(2016·浙江高考)________onlineshoppinghaschangedourlife,notallofitseffectshavebeenpositive.解析：While/Although/Though句意：雖然網(wǎng)購改變了我們的生活，但并不是它的所有影響都是正面的。根據(jù)句意可知用While/Although/Though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。7.(2016·四川高考)________itcried,sherockeditbackandforthandgaveitlittlefortingpats.解析：When或If考查連詞。根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系可知，此處是狀語從句的連詞，根據(jù)句意可以是“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”或“如果”。[針對演練]Ⅰ.選詞填空once，sothat，although，as，before，notuntil，wherever，because，asif，unless1.Whereverhegoes,hecarriesacamerawithhimtotakephotos.2.Someonecalledintheearlymorning,buthehadhungupbeforeIcouldanswerthephone.3.Not_untilyouloseitcanyourealizehowpreciousitis.4.Oncehemadeuphismindtocarryouttheplan,noonecouldstophim.5.Itookpartinallkindsofactivitiesinhighschoolso_thatIcoulddevelopmyabilitytomunicatewithotherswell.6.Theypletelyignoredthesefactsas_iftheyhadneverexisted.7.Althoughtheputerisveryexpensive,itwillnevergooutofstyle.8.Don'taskmetoexplainittoyouunlessyoureallydon'tunderstand.9.Childasheis,heknowsalotabouttropicalplants.10.Theyhurriedonbecauseitwasgettingdark.Ⅱ.完成句子1.不管任務(wù)如何艱巨，我們必須按時(shí)完成。However_difficult_the_task_is,_wemustacplishitontime.2.