專(zhuān)題三閱讀理解——主旨大意題【題型把握】閱讀理解旨在考查考生理解不同題材和體裁的書(shū)面材料以及從中獲取信息的能力。要求考生能讀懂有關(guān)日常生活的簡(jiǎn)短文字材料,;理解文中具體信息;根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語(yǔ)的含義;做出判斷和推理;理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。細(xì)節(jié)理解題大都比較容易，只需要認(rèn)真閱讀題目，細(xì)心比對(duì)原文就能解答正確。對(duì)于這種題目，要認(rèn)真解題，盡量不丟分。本講義著重講解主旨大意題的解題技巧。【考綱解讀及命題趨勢(shì)】1.對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。2．主旨大意題分為標(biāo)題類(lèi)和主題類(lèi)。(1)標(biāo)題類(lèi)，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題；(2)主題類(lèi)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。主旨大意題主要考查形式有三種：文章大意類(lèi)、段落大意類(lèi)及標(biāo)題歸納類(lèi)。主旨大意題在近三年全國(guó)卷中每套題均有涉及，雖然比重不大，但是難度較高，是大部分學(xué)生容易失分的題目類(lèi)型，應(yīng)給予足夠的重視，爭(zhēng)取閱讀得滿(mǎn)分。【解題技巧】1.首先找出文章的主題句，然后根據(jù)文章主題句確定文章大意。2．如果沒(méi)有主題句再尋找全文重復(fù)性強(qiáng)的關(guān)鍵詞或者概括全文。3逆轉(zhuǎn)思維一段文章該寫(xiě)哪方面內(nèi)容，然后對(duì)比原文和選項(xiàng)，從而做出正確的判斷?！局R(shí)清單】一．命題方式主旨大意題主要考查考生對(duì)所讀材料(或所讀材料片段)中心思想或標(biāo)題的概括。做這類(lèi)題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)通讀全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同時(shí)注意文章的主題句，因?yàn)橹黝}句表達(dá)了文章的中心思想，而其他句子均圍繞主題句展開(kāi)。主題句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句處，但有時(shí)也位于段落中間(通常是第一段或最后一段的中間)。主旨大意題的考查形式有很多，如概括標(biāo)題、主題、段意、中心思想等。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?Whatisthe…paragraphmainlyabout?Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?二．選項(xiàng)特征正確選項(xiàng)特征1、涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。2、范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。3、精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。干擾選項(xiàng)特征1、以偏概全??2、主題過(guò)大3、斷章取義4、無(wú)中生有三．常用解題方法技巧1?速讀文章，明確主題速讀文章，抓住文章主題句或關(guān)鍵詞?？忌鷳?yīng)抓住反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫主題詞。(1)主題句的特征①首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設(shè)時(shí)，例子或假設(shè)后面的內(nèi)容往往體現(xiàn)文章主旨；②③段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞或短語(yǔ)(如however,but,otherwise,though等)是主題句。(2)尋找主題句①主題句在段首科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種方式。②主題句在段中申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、論證或展開(kāi)。③主題句在段尾主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù)，層層推理論證，最后得出結(jié)論，即段落的主題。[全國(guó)Ⅰ2020·D]Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.32．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B．Abigfallincrimerates.C．Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D．Benefitsfromgreenplants.【答案】D根據(jù)第一段中的positiveeffects及所舉的兩個(gè)例子(綠化多的區(qū)域犯罪率低以及綠植多的辦公區(qū)域員工的工作效率更高)可知，本段主要介紹的是綠色植物給人們帶來(lái)的益處。故選D項(xiàng)。技巧2?瞻首顧尾，定位中心句串聯(lián)在一起，常?？梢缘贸鑫恼碌闹行乃枷搿４送?，文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)也有助于定位中心句。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有按時(shí)間順序組織的結(jié)構(gòu)或“分述——總說(shuō)”結(jié)構(gòu)。按時(shí)間先后順序說(shuō)明某一件事或某一理論的發(fā)展過(guò)程的文章，主題句通常在首段或末段；采用“分述——總說(shuō)”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章，前幾段分述，末段總結(jié)，這類(lèi)文章主題句常在末段。[全國(guó)Ⅱ2020·B]Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.…Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.…ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod.???B．Ascientificstudy.C．Awomanpsychologist.D．Ateachingprogram.【答案】B本文主要圍繞一項(xiàng)研究展開(kāi)說(shuō)明，具體介紹了它的研究對(duì)象、研究方法及研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，最后還提到其研究結(jié)論被發(fā)表在一本學(xué)術(shù)刊物上。故選B項(xiàng)。技巧3?確定概括范圍，關(guān)注題目特點(diǎn)做這類(lèi)題時(shí)，首先要找出文章的主題句，這樣就明確了文章要講什么，再通讀全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。由于文章內(nèi)容和體裁的不同，作者的寫(xiě)作手法也不盡相同，因而主題句在文章中出現(xiàn)的位置也不固定。另一類(lèi)是文章中沒(méi)有可概括全文的中心句，主題句隱含在全文當(dāng)中。閱讀這樣的文章時(shí)，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析、概括，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨大意?！緦?zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)】ATimetoloadupsomepopulargames:newresearchindicatespigspossessthementalcapabilitytoplayvideogames.Thestudy,publishedinFrontiersinPsychology,testedtheabilityoffourpigs(Hamlet,Omelette,EbonyandIvory)toplayasimplejoystickgamewiththeirnoses,movingacursor(光標(biāo))tofourtargetsonthescreen.Althoughtheanimalsdidn’tdemonstratetheskillstowinaroundanytime,theydidshowanunderstandingofsomeelementarygames.Performingwellabovechance,thepigsappearedtorecognizethemovementofthecursorwascontrolledbythejoystick.Thefactthattheydidsowelldespitealackofflexiblefingersis“extraordinary”,accordingtotheresearchers.“Itisnosmallachievementforananimaltograsptheconceptthatthebehaviourtheyareperformingishavinganeffectelsewhere.Thatpigscandothistoanydegreeshouldgiveuspauseastowhatelsetheyarecapableoflearningandhowsuchlearningmayimpactthem,”saidPurdueUniversity’sDrCandaceCroney,thestudy’sleadauthor.Researchersalsonotedthatwhilethepigscouldbetaughttoplaythegameusingfoodaspositivemotivation,theyalsorespondedwelltosocialinteraction.Infact,whenthegamewasmademorechallengingandthepigsbecameunwillingtoparticipateinit,“onlyoralencouragementbytheexperimenter”wouldseetrainingcontinue.Thesefindingsarethelatesttohighlighttheintelligenceofpigs.Notonlyhavetheybeenshowntousemirrorstofindhiddenfood,butstudieshavealsodemonstratedhowpigscanbetaughtto“come”and“sit”afteroralcommands.Aswithanysentient(有感覺(jué)力的)beings,howweinteractwithpigsandwhatwedotothemimpactsandmatterstothem.Wethereforehaveamoraldutytounderstandhowpigsacquireinformation,andwhattheyarecapableoflearningandremembering,becauseitultimatelyoffersthepotentialforhowtheyunderstandtheirinteractionswithusandtheirenvironments.1．Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitle?A．Smartpigs:goodplayersB．Flexiblenoses:fungamesC．Oralcommands:piglearnersD．Pigplayers:learningpotential【答案】1．D【分析】本文為一篇說(shuō)明文。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，豬可以通過(guò)自己的鼻子來(lái)使用操縱桿完成一些游戲，并且能夠意識(shí)到光標(biāo)是跟隨自己移動(dòng)操縱桿而移動(dòng)，這個(gè)研究是一個(gè)巨大的突破，讓我們更有可能了解豬是如何與我們和環(huán)境互動(dòng)的。1．主旨大意題?？v觀全文，尤其是第一段的第一句“Timetoloadupsomepopulargames:newresearchindicatespigspossessthementalcapabilitytoplayvideogames.(是時(shí)候去玩一些流行的游戲了：新的研究表明豬擁有玩電子游戲的心理能力)”；倒數(shù)第二段“Thesefindingsarethelatesttohighlighttheintelligenceofpigs.Notonlyhavetheybeenshowntousemirrorstofindhiddenfood,butstudieshavealsodemonstratedhowpigscanbetaughtto‘come’and‘sit’afteroralcommands.(示了它們使用鏡子來(lái)尋找隱藏的食物，而且還展示了如何教會(huì)豬在聽(tīng)到口頭指令后‘過(guò)來(lái)’和‘坐下’)”及最后一段最后一句“Wethereforehaveamoraldutytounderstandhowpigsacquireinformation,andwhattheyarecapableoflearningandremembering,becauseitultimatelyoffersthepotentialforhowtheyunderstandtheirinteractionswithusandtheirenvironments.(能力學(xué)習(xí)和記憶什么，因?yàn)檫@最終為它們?nèi)绾卫斫馀c我們和環(huán)境的互動(dòng)提供了可能)”可知，作者闡述會(huì)打電子游戲的豬，反映了動(dòng)物們豬是可以接受人類(lèi)對(duì)它們更好的訓(xùn)練并有所互動(dòng)的，它們有著學(xué)習(xí)潛能，所以D項(xiàng)“Pigplayers:learningpotential(做游戲的豬：有學(xué)習(xí)潛能)”適合做文章的標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。BVideoconferencinghasbeenaroundformorethan20years.UntiltheCOVID-19pandemic,though,youwouldfindthatmanypeopleneedingtoattendameetingremotelywouldbecallingfromarealconferenceroomfulloftheirteammates.Today,we’reroutinelyholdingvideoconferencesthatare100%virtual.Andthisiscreatingaproblemthattechnologycan’tfix.Theproblemisus,specificallythefactthatwehaven’tevolvedsociallytothepointwherewecanbearmuchseparation.Somuchofourwell-beingandworkproductivityisdecidedonhowclosewearephysically.Theremovalofthatforanyperiodoftimecanbeseverelydamaging.Onesurprisingvictimofsocialdistancingislaughter.Normallypeoplelaughabout18timesperday.And97%ofthattimewe’relaughingwithothers—weare30timesmorelikelytolaughwithothersthantolaughalone.Thinkaboutit:howoftenwhenyouandyourfriendslaughatsomethingthatisactuallyfunny?Researchshowsthat80%ofwhatpeoplelaughatisreallynotthatfunny.Sowhydopeoplelaugh?Theylaughinordertolaughwithothers.Justaseveryonestartsyawningwhenjustonepersonyawns,mostpeoplecan’thelpbutlaughwhenthosearoundthemdo.ThisiswhyTVcomedyshowsoftenuseprerecordedlaughtracks.Laughinginresponsetootherpeople’slaughingisnotjustabehavioralphenomenon.Whenwelaugh,ourbodyproducestwokeychemicals:endorphinwhichhelpsrelievepainandsetsofffeelingsofpleasure,anddopaminewhichcanimprovelearning,motivationandattention.Infact,studiesshowthatpeoplecanstand15%morepainsimplybylaughingforafewminutesbeforehand.Laughterisalsoassociatedwithhighermotivationandproductivityatwork.Intoday’shome-alone,virtual-teamworld,thisisexactlywhatyouasateamleadershouldbedoing:foryourteammemberstostayhealthyandproductive,youneedtogetthemtolaughmoreandstressless.1．WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A．Themotivationbehindlaughter.C．Themechanismoflaughter.【答案】B．Thechemicalsregardinglaughter.D．Thesignificanceoflaughter.1．D；【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了笑的重要性。1．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段的“Whenwelaugh,ourbodyproducestwokeychemicals:endorphinwhichhelpsrelievepainandsetsofffeelingsofpleasure,anddopaminewhichcanimprovelearning,motivationandattention.Infact,studiesshowthatpeoplecanstand15%morepainsimplybylaughingforafewminutesbeforehand.Laughterisalsoassociatedwithhighermotivationandproductivityatwork.(當(dāng)我們笑的時(shí)候，我們的身體會(huì)產(chǎn)動(dòng)力和注意力。事實(shí)上，研究表明，僅僅提前幾分鐘笑一下，人們就能多忍受15%)”可知，本段主要介紹是笑聲的重要性。故選D。CAnewtypeofplasticmadedirectlyfromorganicplantwastehasbeencreatedbyscientists.Thenewmaterialiseasytomakeandcouldbeusedineverythingfrompackagingandtextiles(紡織品)tomedicineandelectronics.TheresearchersinSwitzerlandhavealreadyusedthetechniquetomakepackagingfilms,fibresthatcanbeusedforclothesorothertextilesandthreadsfor3Dprinting.Conventionalplasticissowidespreadbecausemakingitcombineslowcost,heatstability,mechanicalstrengthandprocessability,theresearcherssay.Untilnow,few,ifany,alternativeplasticshavemanagedtomatchorsurpassconventionalplasticintheseaspects,whichisvitaliftheyaretobeusedmorewidely.Tomaketheplastic,scientists“cooked”woodandotherplantwasteininexpensivechemicalstomakeaplasticprecursor(前身).Thesugarstructurestayscompletewithinthemolecular(分子)structureoftheplastic,makingthechemistrymuchcheaperthanothertypesofalternativeplastic.Baekin2016,theresearchersfoundoutthatiftheyaddedanaldehyde(乙醛)chemicaltheycouldstabilizepartsoftheplantmaterialtoavoidtheirdestructionduringextraction.Butnow,theyareusingglyoxylicacid,asolidorganicsubstancethatoccursnaturallyandisusedinindustry.Theteamcouldsimplyfasten“sticky”groupsontobothsidesofthesugarmolecules,whichallowedthemtoactasplasticbuildingblocks.Usingthissimpletechnique,theycouldturnuptoaquarteroftheweightofagriculturalwaste,or95percentofpurifiedsugarintoplastic.“Theplastichasveryexcitingproperties,notablyforapplicationslikefoodpackaging,”P(pán)rofessorJeremyLautenbacherfromtheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnology,whocreatedtheplastic,said.“Whatmakestheplasticuniqueisthepresenceofthecompletesugarstructure.Thismakesitincrediblyeasytomakebecauseyoudon’thavetochangewhatnaturegivesyou,anditissimpletobreakdownbecauseitcangobacktoamoleculethatisalreadyplentifulinnature.”；1．What’sthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A．Thenewtypeofplasticcontainssugarstructure.B．Thenewtypeofplasticiseasytomake.C．Thenewtypeofplasticissimpletobreakdown.D．Thenewtypeofplastichassplendidfeatures.；【答案】1．D【詳解】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了科學(xué)家們發(fā)明了一種直接由有機(jī)植物廢物制成的新型塑料。這種新材料易于制造，可用于包裝、紡織品、醫(yī)藥和電子產(chǎn)品等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域；1．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Theplastichasveryexcitingproperties,notablyforapplicationslikefoodpackaging”（這種塑料具有非常令人興奮的特性，特別是在食品包裝等應(yīng)用中）和“Whatmakestheplasticuniqueisthepresenceofthecompletesugarstructure.Thismakesitincrediblyeasytomakebecauseyoudon’thavetochangewhatnaturegivesyou,anditissimpletobreakdownbecauseitcangobacktoamoleculethatisalreadyplentifulinnature.””（這種塑料的獨(dú)特之處在于它具有完整的糖結(jié)構(gòu)。這使得它的制作非常容易，因?yàn)槟悴恍枰淖兇笞匀唤o你的東西，而且它很容易分解，因?yàn)樗梢曰氐阶匀唤缰幸呀?jīng)豐富的分子中。）可知，最后一段主要講的是這種新型塑料有很好的特點(diǎn)。故選D項(xiàng)；DAwomaninYunnanhasbeenleadinganeffortoverthepastdecadetohelpchildrenontheautism(自閉癥)spectrum,LiYingxuereports.SinceshefoundedLookatMe,achildren’sdevelopmentcenterinKunming,Yunnanprovince,in2010,ShaJingmei,38,hasfocusedhereffortsonhelpingkidsontheautismspectrum.Childrenwithautismarelike“peopleinsideabottlewhocanclearlyseetheworldoutside,butcan’tgetoutofthebottletocommunicatewithothers,”shesays,addingthatinordertohelpthechildren,peopleshouldtrytounderstandthemfirst.“Childrenwithautismwillnotbehavethesamewayasotherchildren.Whenmeetingthemonthestreet,pleasedon’tlookatthemwithadiscriminatorylook.Sometimestheyjustneedakindlookwhichcanmakethemlesspsychologicallytenseandstressful,”Shasays.MaShiyan,28,directorofLookatMe,remembersthetimeshejoinedSha’steam4yearsagoandwasatalosswhenaboygotemotional.Shacameandeasilysmoothedtheboy’semotions.MahaslearnedalotfromShaandistouchedbyherpositiveenergywhetherdealingwithchildrenorthedifficultieswhenrunningthetrainingcenter.“Shaknowstheconditionofeachchildatourcenter,andwhenwediscussonechild’scase,shecanoftenassociateitwithanotherkid’scase,”Masays.WhennamingthetrainingcenterLookatMe12yearsago,Shasaysshehopessocietywouldpaymoreattentiontochildrenontheautismspectrum.Now,shehasfurtheredthegoaltohelpthechildrentakecareofthemselves,aswellashavejobstosustain.Someoftheolderchildrenfromthecenterhavefoundjobsinalocalcoffeecompanyoratabar.Inthefuture,Shaaimstofindmorejobsforsuchchildren.Workinginspecialeducationmeansdealingwithdifferentchallenges,andthismakesShafeelsheisalive.“Youarethinkingofhowtosolvedifferentproblemseachday,”shesays.；1．What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A．ShaJingmeihasconcentratedallhereffortstohelpchildrenwithautism.B．AwomancalledShaJingmeifoundedLookatMetohelpthoseinneed.C．ShaJingmeiappealstothewholesocietytofocusonchildren.D．Childrenwithautismneedtobecaredforbythewholesociety.【答案】1．A【詳解】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。主要介紹了沙靜梅一直致力于幫助自閉癥兒童的故事；知，LookatMe培訓(xùn)中心主要是為自閉癥兒童培養(yǎng)融入社會(huì)的能力。故選D項(xiàng)；1．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中“AwomaninYunnanhasbeenleadinganeffortoverthepastdecadetohelpchildrenontheautismspectrum,LiYingxuereports.SinceshefoundedLookatMe,achildren’sdevelopmentcenterinKunming,Yunnanprovince,in2010,ShaJingmei,38,hasfocusedhereffortsonhelpingkidsontheautismspectrum.(據(jù)李映雪報(bào)道，在過(guò)去的十年里，云南的一名婦女一直在努力幫助自閉癥兒童。38歲的沙靜梅2010年在云南省昆明市創(chuàng)辦了LookatMe兒童發(fā)展中心，此后她一直致力于幫助自閉癥兒童)”再根據(jù)后文，主要講述了沙靜梅的努力和LookatMe兒童發(fā)展中心的成就以及最后一段“Workinginspecialeducationmeansdealingwithdifferentchallenges,andthismakesShafeelsheisalive."Youarethinkingofhowtosolvedifferentproblemseachday,”shesays.(己還活著?！澳忝刻於荚谒伎既绾谓鉀Q不同的問(wèn)題，”她說(shuō)。)”可知，本文主要講述了沙靜梅集中她所有的精力幫助自閉癥兒童的故事。故選A項(xiàng)。EFromtheconcerthallsofEuropetothetechindustriesoftheUnitedStates,C．J.Santoshascreatedastoryacrosstheglobe.BominBrazil,SantosmovedtoSwitzerlandattheageof18,andearneddegreesinbothmusicperformanceandbusinessadministrationthere.Duringhisnext10yearsof“intense”careerasaprofessionalmusician,hespentmostofhistimeontheroad.“IhadthehonortoperforminthetopconcerthallsinEurope,”Santossaid.“Itreallyworemeouttobeconstantlytravelingandperforming,butitallowedmetoseetheworldandunderstanditinitsfulldiversity.Thiswasauniqueexperience,andIcarryitsbenefitswithmetothisday”Throughtheseexperiences,Santoswasabletobecomefluentinsixlanguages.Withtheseskillsunderhisbelt,Santosworkedwithhiswife,whoisalsofluentinfourlanguages,todevelopasmalltranslationbusiness.“Runningitwithnopriorbusinessexperiencewasachallengingbutexcitinglearning-by-doingexperience,“Santossaid.“Inaddition,thetranslationindustryexperiencedamassivedigitaltransformationinthelastdecade.”ThisbroughtSantostoanMBA/M.S.programinbusinessanalyticsandinformationmanagement,wherehegotrichexperience,knowledgeandperspectivesindifferentindustries.Theprogramprovidedhimwithsomethingheclearlyenjoysinlife:variety“Ithelpedmetakethemostadvantageofthetranslationindustry’sdigitaltransformation.WhatIgainedfromtheprogramismorethanwhatImanagedinthe15yearsinEurope,”headded.AsSantoscontinuestogrowhisbusiness,he’salsoworkingasanadvisor.“Theworld’sdigitaltransformationhasadvancedathighspeed,”hesaid.“Tome,it’sveryexcitingtobeavaluableresourcetothosewhoneedhelptojumponboardthedigitalexpress.”；1．Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A．ThegreatvarietySantosenjoysinlife.B．Theapplicationofdigitaltransformation.C．ThebenefitsSantosgotfromtheprogram.D．Santos’sviewpointontranslationindustry.；【答案】1．C【詳解】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了C.J.Santos從歐洲的音樂(lè)廳到美國(guó)的科技產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)歷；1“ThisbroughtSantostoanMBA/M.S.programinbusinessanalyticsandinformationmanagement,wherehegotrichexperience,knowledgeandperspectivesindifferentindustries.Theprogramprovidedhimwithsomethingheclearlyenjoysinlife:variety.“Ithelpedmetakethemostadvantageofthetranslationindustry’sdigitaltransformation.WhatIgainedfromtheprogramismorethanwhatImanagedinthe15yearsinEurope,”headded.(這使桑托斯獲得了商業(yè)分析和信息管理的MBA/M.S.富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，知識(shí)和不同行業(yè)的觀點(diǎn)。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目為他提供了他在生活中顯然很享受的東西：多樣性?！八鼛椭页浞掷昧朔g行業(yè)的數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型。我從這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中獲得的東西比我在歐洲15年所管理的還要多?！?”可知，本段主要介紹桑托斯從這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中得到的好處。故選C；FResearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbarahavedesignedaone-footdevicethatcanjumpmorethan30metersintheair,threetimesthecurrentrecordforajumpingrobot.“Themotivationcamefromascientificquestion,”theleadauthorElliotW.Hawkers,amechanicalengineeratUCSantaBarbara,saysinastatement.“Wewantedtounderstandwhatthelimitswereonengineeredjumpers.”“Manymechanicaljumpingsystemsarebasedonbiologicaljumpers—orthoseintheanimalkingdom,butanimalshavelimitstotheirjumpingabilitybasedonhowmuchenergytheycanproduceinastroke(收縮)oftheirmuscle,”CharlesXiao,aresearcherinHawkes’lab,saysinthestatement.Researchersinthisstudytookadifferentapproach,usingamotortotakemultiplestrokesandincreasetheamountofstoredenergyinthespring.Thesmallmotorwindsupalinethatpressesthespring,whichismadeofcarbon-fibercompressionbows(壓縮弓)andrubberbands.Whenareleasemechanismisunlocked,thedevicelaunchesintotheair.Becausethestoredenergyisgreater,thisdevice’sspring-to-motorratio(比率)isalsolargerthanwhat’sseenintheanimalkingdombyabout100times.Thedeviceislightweightandaerodynamic,whichallowsittojumptheheightofa10-storybuildingandincreaseitsspeedfromzeroto60mphinninemeterspersecond.WhilethiskindofdevicecouldbeusedtonavigatedifficultlandsontheEarth,researcherssayitcouldreachheightsevengreateronthemoon,wheregravityisweaker.“OntheEarth,jumpingrobotscouldovercomeobstaclespreviouslyonlynavigatedbyflyingrobotswhilecollectingvision-baseddataofthegroundbelow,”writetheauthors.Onthemoon,thejumpsofthepresentedjumperwouldbeevenhigher:125metershighwhilecoveringhalfakilometerinasinglebound.；1．Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Howthedeviceworks.B．Whoisinfavoroftheidea.C．Whenthemechanismisunlocked.D．Whatcausesthedevicetojumphigh.；【答案】1．A【詳解】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。一款新研發(fā)的機(jī)器人裝置可以跳超過(guò)30米高，在月球上可跳至125米高，可用于幫助人類(lèi)進(jìn)行月球勘測(cè)；1．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Researchersinthisstudytookadifferentapproach,usingamotortotakemultiplestrokesandincreasetheamountofstoredenergyinthespring.(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行重復(fù)沖程來(lái)增大彈簧里存儲(chǔ)的能量)”以及最后一句“Whenareleasemechanismisunlocked,thedevicelaunchesintotheair.()”程。故選A；【高考真題】A[全國(guó)甲2022·B]Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對(duì)稱(chēng)的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線(xiàn)索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.1．Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB．Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC．Cockatoos:CleverSignal-ReadersD．Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters【答案】1．D【詳解】本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，即鳳頭鸚鵡具有與兩歲兒童相似的形狀識(shí)別能力。1DGoffin'scockatoos…h(huán)avesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.識(shí)別能力。由此可知，D項(xiàng)(鳳頭鸚鵡：熟練的形狀分類(lèi)者)最適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。B[全國(guó)新高考Ⅰ2021·C]WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地)．In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ．N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.1．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheFederalDuckStampStoryB．TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC．TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD．TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【答案】1．A【詳解】由于大量探險(xiǎn)家和定居者的到來(lái)，北美水禽被大量捕殺，且其棲息地遭到嚴(yán)重破壞，為此政府于1934年通過(guò)法案以防止對(duì)野生動(dòng)物和濕地的破壞，并取得明顯成效。1．A主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了北美水禽等野生動(dòng)物遭遇獵殺及其棲息地被破壞后，政府通過(guò)一項(xiàng)法案以防止破壞的持續(xù)發(fā)生，并取得了明顯成效。文章第二、三段介紹了聯(lián)邦鴨票的起源、具體做法及成效，尤其是文章第三段最后一句起到點(diǎn)題的作用。故A項(xiàng)(聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事)適合作為本文標(biāo)題。C[全國(guó)新高考Ⅰ2021·D]Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(視角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.1．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A．Itsappealtothepublic.B．Expectationsforfuturestudies.C．Itspracticalapplication.D．Scientistswithnewperspectives.【答案】1．B【詳解】本文主要介紹了大眾在某些情況下曲解了“情商”這一概念的原本含義，很多人誤認(rèn)為情商是無(wú)法用智商測(cè)試衡量的所有優(yōu)良品質(zhì)，而研究表明，鍛煉情感技能有可能促成一些優(yōu)良品質(zhì)，但大部分優(yōu)良品質(zhì)的形成遠(yuǎn)不止如此。1Bwehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion和Itisourhopethatincoming…于未來(lái)有關(guān)情商的研究的期待。D[全國(guó)乙2021·C]You'veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference？ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse，”apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168，000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來(lái)源)ofplasticpollution,butthey'verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon'tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat'spartofVonWong'sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.