2025年GRE語文模擬測(cè)試卷考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______Section11.Thediscoveryofpenicillinmarkedaturningpointinmedicine,notsolelybecauseitwasthefirsteffectiveantibiotic,butalsobecauseitdemonstratedthepotentialofstudyingmicroorganismstodeveloptreatmentsforpreviouslyintractablediseases.Thisearlysuccessinadvertentlyencouragedabeliefthatcomplexbiologicalproblemscouldbesolvedthroughthediscoveryofsingle,"magicbullet"compounds,aparadigmthatdominatedpharmaceuticalresearchfordecades.However,theriseofantibiotic-resistantbacteriainrecentdecadeshasbeguntounderminethissimplisticview,suggestingthatamorenuanced,multifacetedapproachisnecessarytocombatthegrowingthreatofinfectiousdiseases.2.IntheRomanticera,landscapepaintingunderwentasignificanttransformation,movingawayfromtheidealized,classicalvistasofthepreviousNeoclassicalperiodtowardsscenesthatemphasizedthepower,beauty,andoftenthesublimeterrorofnature.ArtistslikeJ.M.W.TurnerandCasparDavidFriedrichsoughttocapturenotjustthepicturesque,buttheraw,untamedforcesofthenaturalworld,oftenincorporatinghumanfiguresassmall,insignificant對(duì)比tothevastnessandmightoftheirsurroundings.Thisshiftreflectedabroaderculturalfascinationwithemotion,individualism,andtheprimacyofnatureinthefaceofindustrialization.3.Theeconomictheoryofcomparativeadvantage,primarilyassociatedwithDavidRicardo,positsthatcountriescanbenefitfromtradeevenifonecountryismoreefficientatproducingeverything.Thisoccursbecauseeachcountrycanspecializeinproducingthegoodswhereithasaloweropportunitycostrelativetoothernations.Whilethistheoryprovidesapowerfulframeworkforunderstandingthepotentialgainsfromtrade,itsapplicationintherealworldiscomplicatedbyfactorssuchastransportationcosts,tariffs,tradebarriers,anddifferencesintechnologyandresourceendowments,whichcansignificantlyaltertheexpectedoutcomes.4.Cognitivedissonancetheory,developedbyLeonFestinger,suggeststhatindividualsstriveforinternalconsistencyandaremotivatedtoreducediscomfortarisingfromholdingconflictingbeliefs,attitudes,orbehaviors.Whenfacedwithsuchinconsistency,peopletendtochangetheirbeliefsorattitudestoalignwiththeiractions,justifytheirchoices,orminimizethediscrepancy.Thistheoreticalframeworkhasbeeninfluentialinvariousfields,includingpsychology,marketing,andsocialpsychology,helpingtoexplainphenomenarangingfrompost-decisionalrationalizationtoconformitypressures.5.TheconstructionoftheGreatWallofChinarepresentsoneofthemostambitiousarchitecturalendeavorsinhumanhistory.Spanningvastdistancesacrossdiverseterrains,itscreationinvolvedtheimmenselaborofcountlessworkers,oftenunderharshconditions.Whilepopularloreattributesitsconstructionprimarilytodefensivepurposesagainstinvasionsfromthenorth,historicalevidencesuggestsitservedmultiplefunctionsovercenturies,includingbordercontrol,communication,andtaxation.Thewall'seffectivenessasamilitarybarrierhasbeendebated,butitsenduringlegacyasasymbolofChinesecivilizationandengineeringprowessisundeniable.6.Modernistliterature,emergingintheearly20thcentury,characterizeditselfthroughadeparturefromtraditionalnarrativestructures,realisticdescriptions,andconventionalmoralframeworks.WriterslikeJamesJoyce,VirginiaWoolf,andFranzKafkaexperimentedwithtechniquessuchasstreamofconsciousness,fragmentednarratives,andunreliablenarratorstoexplorethecomplexitiesofhumaninnerlives,thesubjectivenatureofreality,andthealienationexperiencedinanincreasinglyindustrializedandfragmentedworld.Thisliterarymovementsoughttorepresentthemodernexperienceinawaythatreflecteditsinherentcomplexityanduncertainty.Section27.Theconceptof"culturalrelativism"assertsthatasociety'sbeliefs,values,andpracticesshouldbeunderstoodbasedonitsowninternalstandardsandcontext,ratherthanbeingjudgedagainstthecriteriaofanothercultureorauniversalmoralframework.Proponentsarguethisapproachfostersgreaterunderstandingandrespectbetweencultures,allowingforamorenuancedappreciationofhumandiversity.However,criticscontendthatculturalrelativismcanbeproblematic,potentiallyenablingpracticesthatareconsideredunethicalorharmfulbybroaderhumanrightsstandards,andraisingquestionsaboutthepossibilityofuniversalethicalprinciples.8.Incontrasttorenewableenergysourceslikesolarorwindpower,whicharereplenishednaturallyandaregenerallyconsideredenvironmentallybenign,fossilfuels—coal,oil,andnaturalgas—havefinitereservesandtheirextraction,processing,andcombustionreleasesignificantamountsofgreenhousegases,contributingtoclimatechange.Furthermore,theenvironmentalimpactoffossilfuelextractionofteninvolvesdestructivepracticessuchasmountaintopremovalminingordeep-waterdrilling,whichcancausesubstantialhabitatdestructionandpollution.9.TheRenaissance,aperiodofprofoundculturalandintellectualchangeinEuropefromthe14thtothe17thcentury,markedatransitionfromthemedievalworldviewtowardsarenewedinterestintheclassicallearningandvaluesofancientGreeceandRome.Thisshiftwascharacterizedbyadvancementsinart,science,literature,andpoliticalthought.Humanism,acentralintellectualmovementoftheRenaissance,emphasizedthepotentialanddignityofhumanbeings,encouragingthestudyofhumanitieslikegrammar,rhetoric,history,poetry,andmoralphilosophyaspathwaystounderstandinghumannatureandsociety.10.Evolutionarypsychologyproposesthatmanyofourpsychologicaltraitsandbehaviorscanbeunderstoodasadaptations—mechanismsshapedbynaturalandsexualselectiontosolverecurrentproblemsfacedbyourancestorsduringthePleistoceneepoch.Accordingtothisperspective,conceptssuchaskinselection,reciprocalaltruism,andstrategiesformateselectionareseenasevolvedpsychologicalmechanismsthatenhancesurvivalandreproductivesuccess.Whileofferingcompellingexplanationsforcertainbehaviors,evolutionarypsychologyalsofacescriticismforpotentiallyoversimplifyingcomplexhumanactionsandoverlookingthesignificantroleofcultureandlearning.11.TheIndustrialRevolution,beginninginthelate18thcenturyinBritainandspreadingsubsequentlytootherpartsoftheworld,wasaperiodofmajortechnological,socioeconomic,andculturalchange.Characterizedbytheriseoffactories,poweredinitiallybywaterandlaterbysteam,itledtosignificanturbanizationaspeoplemovedfromruralareastocitiesinsearchofwork.Whileitspurredunprecedentedeconomicgrowthandimprovementsinlivingstandardsoverthelongterm,theearlyphasesoftheIndustrialRevolutionalsobroughtaboutharshworkingconditions,environmentalpollution,andsocialdislocation.12.AncientEgyptianreligionwasacomplexsystemofpolytheisticbeliefsandritualscenteredaroundtheworshipofnumerousgodsandgoddesseswhogovernedvariousnaturalforcesandaspectsofhumanlife.CentraltothisbeliefsystemwastheconceptofMa'at,theprincipleofcosmicorder,truth,andjustice,whichthepharaohwastaskedwithupholding.Theafterlifewasalsoacrucialcomponent,withthedeceasedbelievedtoundergoajudgmentprocesstodeterminetheirworthinesstoentereternallifeintheFieldofReeds.ThisreligiousframeworkprofoundlyinfluencedEgyptianart,architecture,andsocialstructure.13.Thescientificmethod,asystematicapproachtoinquirythatreliesonobservation,hypothesisformation,experimentation,andanalysis,formsthefoundationofmodernscientificpractice.Itsdevelopment,spanningcenturiesandinvolvingfiguressuchasGalileo,Newton,andlaterscientists,markedashifttowardsempiricalevidenceandlogicalreasoningasprimarytoolsforunderstandingthenaturalworld.Thismethodemphasizesobjectivity,replicabilityofexperiments,andtherevisionoftheoriesbasedonnewdata,distinguishingsciencefromotherformsofknowledgeseeking.14.TheColdWar,aperiodofgeopoliticaltensionbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionandtheirrespectiveallies,lastedfromtheendofWorldWarIIin1945untiltheearly1990s.Itwascharacterizedbyrivalryinmilitarybuild-up(includingthearmsraceandnuclearstandoff),proxywarsindevelopingnations,ideologicalcompetition,andaglobalbalanceofpowermaintainedbythethreatofmutuallyassureddestruction.KeyeventsincludedtheKoreanWar,theVietnamWar,theCubanMissileCrisis,andtheSpaceRace.15.Theprocessofphotosynthesis,crucialforlifeonEarth,occursinthechloroplastsofplantcellswheresunlightenergyiscapturedandusedtoconvertcarbondioxideandwaterintoglucose(asugar)andoxygen.Thisconversioninvolvestwomainstages:thelight-dependentreactions,whichcaptureenergyfromsunlightandproduceATPandNADPH,andthelight-independentCalvincycle,whichusestheATPandNADPHtofixcarbondioxideandsynthesizeglucose.Photosynthesisnotonlysustainsplantlifebutalsoprovidestheprimaryenergysourcefornearlyallotherorganisms.試卷答案1.D2.A3.B4.C5.E6.F7.C8.G9.H10.I11.J12.K13.L14.M15.N解析思路1.Thepassagediscussestheshiftfromsingle"magicbullet"compoundstoamorenuancedapproachinpharmaceuticals,promptedbyantibioticresistance.Thekeyistheword"inadvertently,"suggestinganunintendedconsequenceoftheinitialsuccessofpenicillin.OptionD("highlightingthelimitationsofearlysuccesseswithoutacknowledgingtheirinitialbenefits")capturesthisnuancebest.2.ThepassagedescribestheshiftinlandscapepaintingduringtheRomanticera,emphasizingthepowerandsublimeterrorofnature,withhumansappearingsmall.OptionA("emphasizingtheoverwhelmingscaleofnaturecomparedtohumanfigures")bestreflectsthiscontrastandthecoreideaofthepassage.3.Thepassageexplainstheconceptofcomparativeadvantage,statingitallowscountriestobenefitevenifonecountryismoreefficientoverall.Thekeyphraseis"benefitfromtrade."OptionB("countriescangainadvantagesthroughtradeevenwithdifferingabsoluteefficiencies")accuratelyreflectsthiseconomicprinciple.4.Cognitivedissonancetheoryfocusesonthediscomfortarisingfromholdingconflictingbeliefsorattitudes.Thekeyisthemotivationtoreducethisdiscomfort.OptionC("theinternaltensioncreatedbyconflictingcognitionsmotivateseffortstoachieveconsistency")describesthecoremechanismofthetheory.5.Thepassagementionstheconstructioninvolvedimmenselabor("immenselaborofcountlessworkers")andsuggestsmultiplefunctions(defensive,control,communication).OptionE("requiredsignificanthumaneffortandservedmultiplepurposesbeyondinitialmilitarydefense")synthesizesthesepoints.6.Modernistliteratureischaracterizedbytechniqueslikestreamofconsciousnessandfragmentednarrativestoexplorethecomplexitiesoftheinnerlifeandmodernexperience.OptionF("utilizingexperimentaltechniquestoconveythecomplexitiesofhumanconsciousnessandthemoderncondition")encapsulatesthisdefinition.7.Culturalrelativismadvocatesunderstandingbeliefswithintheirowncontext.Thekeyisthebasisforunderstandingbeing"internalstandardsandcontext."OptionC("understandingaculturebasedonitsownvaluesratherthanexternaljudgments")reflectsthiscoreprinciple.8.Thepassagecontrastsrenewableenergywithfossilfuels,highlightingtheirfinitenature,environmentalimpact(greenhousegases),anddestructiveextractionmethods.OptionG("beingfinite,environmentallyharmfulduetoemissionsandextractionpractices")combinesthesecentralcontrasts.9.TheRenaissancemarkedashifttowardsclassicallearningandvalues,characterizedbyhumanismandadvancementsinvariousfields.OptionH("representingarevivalofclassicallearningandhumanistidealsfollowingthemedievalperiod")capturestheessenceofthepassage.10.Evolutionarypsychologyviewsbehaviorsasadaptationsshapedbynaturalselectiontoenhancesurvivalandreproduction.OptionI("explainingpsychologicaltraitsasevolvedadaptationsforancestralsurvivalandreproduction")definesthisperspective.11.