1、人教版英語選修6課文原文及課文譯文Unit1 Art 第一單元 藝術(shù)ReadingA SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short tex

2、t. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones. Starting from the sixth century AD.The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artistof this period was not interested in showing n

3、ature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more real

4、istic way.The Renaissance(15th to 16th century)During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Gr

5、eek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they coule decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their act

6、ivities and achievements.One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the

7、 rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence,oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able

8、 to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century)In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal,from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were m

9、any new inventions and social changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worke in Paris.The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and sha

10、dow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They sai

11、d that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.Modern Art(29th century to today)At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepeted as the beginning of what we call modern art. This is because the Impressionists encourage

12、d artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles,but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exsist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes,

13、 but instead concentrates n certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the futu

14、re?西方繪畫藝術(shù)簡史西方藝術(shù)風(fēng)格變化較大，而中國藝術(shù)風(fēng)格變化較小。人們的生活方式和信仰影響了藝術(shù)。中國和歐洲不同，生活方式在長時間里相似。西方藝術(shù)豐富多彩，僅憑一篇短短的課文難以描述全面。所以，本篇課文僅描述了從公元5世紀(jì)開始的幾種主要風(fēng)格。中世紀(jì)（公元5世紀(jì)到15世紀(jì)）在中世紀(jì)，畫家的主要任務(wù)是表現(xiàn)宗教主題。藝術(shù)家們并沒有把興趣放在呈現(xiàn)人和自然的真實(shí)面貌上，而是著力于體現(xiàn)對上帝的愛戴和敬重。因此，這段時期的繪畫充滿著宗教的信條。到13世紀(jì)時，情況已經(jīng)開始發(fā)生變化，像喬托這樣的畫家以比較現(xiàn)實(shí)的風(fēng)格來畫宗教場景。文藝復(fù)興時期（15世紀(jì)到16世紀(jì)）在文藝復(fù)興時期，新的思想和價值觀取代了中世紀(jì)的那

15、一套，人們開始更關(guān)心人而不是宗教。畫家們回到了羅馬、希臘的藝術(shù)理論上。他們盡力地畫出人和自然的真實(shí)面貌。富人們想為自己的宮殿和豪宅收藏藝術(shù)品，他們高價聘請著名藝術(shù)家來為自己畫畫，畫自己的房屋和其他財(cái)物，畫他們的活動，畫他們的成就。在這個階段，最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一是如何用透視法來畫出事物的形象。在1428年，馬薩喬成為第一個在繪畫中使用透視方法的人，當(dāng)人們第一次看到他的畫時，還以為是透過墻上的小孔，來觀看真實(shí)的情景，并對此深信不疑。如果沒有透視法，人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫，在文藝復(fù)興時期，油畫也得到了發(fā)展，它使得色彩看上去更豐富，更深沉。印象派時期（19世紀(jì)后期到20世紀(jì)初期）19世紀(jì)后期，歐洲

16、發(fā)生了巨大的變化，從以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的社會變成了以工業(yè)為主的社會。許多人從農(nóng)村遷入城市。有著大量的新發(fā)明，還有許多社會變革。這些變革也自然而然地導(dǎo)致了繪畫風(fēng)格上的變化。那些打破傳統(tǒng)畫法的人有在巴黎生活和工作的印象派畫家。印象派畫家是第一批室外寫生的藝術(shù)家。他們想把一天中不同時間投射到物體上的光線和陰影畫出來。由于自然光的變化很快，所以，印象派畫家必須很快地作畫。因此，他們的畫就不像以前那些畫家的畫那樣細(xì)致了，起初，多數(shù)人都看不慣這種新式畫法，甚至還非常生氣。他們說這些畫家作畫時心不在焉，粗枝大葉，他們的作品更是荒唐?，F(xiàn)代藝術(shù)（20世紀(jì)至今）在印象派作品的創(chuàng)建初期，他們存在爭議。但是，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被人們接

17、受，并且成為現(xiàn)在所說的“現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)”的始祖。如今，現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)已有幾十多種，如果沒有印象派藝術(shù)，也就沒有那么多不同的風(fēng)格，印象派畫家?guī)椭囆g(shù)家們用新的方法來觀察環(huán)境和藝術(shù)。有些現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)是抽象的，也就是說，畫家并不打算把我們的眼睛看到的東西如實(shí)地畫出來，而是集中體現(xiàn)某些物體的某些品質(zhì)和特征，用色彩、線條和形狀把它們呈現(xiàn)出來。另一方面，有些現(xiàn)代派的藝術(shù)作品太逼真了，看上去就像一張照片。預(yù)言將來藝術(shù)的風(fēng)格倒是很有意思的。Using LanguageReading The Best of Manhattans GalleriesThe Frick Collection(5th Avenue and E.70

18、th Street)Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York. Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth century Western paintings, and these are

19、 well-represented in this excellent collection. You can also explore Fricks beautiful home and garden which are well worth a visit.Guggenheim Museum(5th Avenue and 88th Street)This museum owns 5,000 modern paintings, sculptures and drawings. These art works are not all displayed at the same time.The

20、 exhibition is always changing. It will apeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings.The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous. When you walk into the gallery, you fell as if you were inside a fragile ,white seashell. The best way to see the paintings is to start

21、from the top floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs, just a circular path. The museum also has an excellent reaturant.Metropolitan Museum of Art(5th Avenue and 82nd Street) The reputation of this museum lies in the variety if its art collection. This covers more than 5,000 years of c

22、ivilization from many parts if the world, including America, Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America.The museun diaplays more than just the visual delights of art.It introduces you to ancient ways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garden, a typical

23、room in an 18th century French house and other special exhibitions.Museum of Modern Art(53rd Street, btween 5th and 6th Avenues)It is amazing that so many great works of from the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. The collection of Western art includes paintings by

24、such famous artists as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. Afew words of warning:the admission price is not cheap an the meseum is often very crowded.Whitney Museum of American Art(945 Madison Avenue, near 75th Street)The Whitney holds an excellent colection of comtemporary painting and sclpture.

25、There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions change all the time. Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists. The museum also shows videos and films by comtemporary video artists.曼哈頓藝術(shù)畫廊薈萃弗里克收藏館位于第五大道和麥迪遜大道之間許多藝術(shù)愛好者都認(rèn)為這個收藏館是紐約最好的一家小型藝術(shù)陳列館。亨

26、利克萊弗里克是紐約的一位富豪。他去世于1919年，他把他的家具、房子和藝術(shù)收藏品都捐獻(xiàn)給了美國人民。在這個陳列館里，你不僅看到20世紀(jì)以前的西方繪畫的珍藏品，而且，你還能瀏覽弗里克的美麗的故居。在這個漂亮的公寓里，花園也是很值得一看的。古根海姆博物館第5大道和第88街交匯處這家博物館擁有5，000幅現(xiàn)代油畫、雕塑和素描。這些藝術(shù)品并不是同時展出的，展品總是在不斷地更換。所收藏的藝術(shù)品中大部分是印象派和后印象派的作品。古根海姆博物館的大樓是世界聞名的。當(dāng)你走進(jìn)畫廊的時候，你會覺得你進(jìn)入了一個巨大的白色貝殼之中。看畫展最好是從頂層看起，一直往下看到底層。展廳里沒有樓梯，只有一條環(huán)行的小道。博物館里

27、還有一家極好的餐館。（紐約）大都會藝術(shù)博物館第5大道與第82街交匯處這家博物館是美國收藏藝術(shù)品最多的一家，它的藝術(shù)品收藏涵蓋了5，000多年來世界上眾多國家的文明史，其中包括美洲、歐洲、中國、埃及、非洲和南美洲。這家博物館展出的不僅僅只是藝術(shù)，它還給你介紹了古代的生活方式。你可以看到埃及的寺廟，明朝的御花園，18世紀(jì)法國豪宅中的住房，以及許多其他特殊展品。現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館第53街（位于第5和第6大道之間）令人驚奇的是，在同一博物館里竟能容納下19世紀(jì)后期到21世紀(jì)的如此眾多的名家巨作。西方藝術(shù)的收藏包括有莫奈、凡高、畢加索和馬蒂斯等著名藝術(shù)家的作品。有幾句話需要提醒你注意：博物館票價不菲，常常擁

28、擠?；萏啬崦绹囆g(shù)博物館麥迪遜大道945號（靠近第75街）惠特尼博物館藏有極好的當(dāng)代美國畫和雕塑品。館內(nèi)沒有永久性的展出，展品都是隨時更換的?；萏啬岵┪镳^每兩年有一次特殊的展覽，展品是仍然在世的畫家們的新作。這家博物館還展出當(dāng)代影視藝術(shù)家的錄像和電影作品。Unit2 Poems 第二單元 詩歌ReadingA few simple forms of English poemsThere are various reasons why people write poetry. Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that

29、will give the reader a strong impression. Others try to convey certain emotions. Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. In this text, however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms. Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nursery rhymes. These rhymes

30、 like the one on the right (A) are still a common type of childrens poetry. The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn a

31、nd recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language. （A）Hush, little baby, dont say a word,Papas going to buy you a mockingbird.If that mockingbird wont sing,Papas going to buy you a diamond ring.If that diamond ring turns to brass,Papas going to buy you a looking-g

32、lass.If that looking-glass gets broke,Papas going to buy you a billy-goat.If that billy-goat runs away,Papas going to buy you another today.One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list things.List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern

33、 and a rhythm to the poem.Some rhyme (like B) while others do not (like C).（B）I saw a fish- pond all on fireI saw a fish-pond all on fire,I saw a house bow to a squire,I saw a person twelve-feet high,I saw a cottage in the sky,I saw a balloon made of lead,I saw a coffin drop down dead,I saw two spar

34、rows run a race,I saw two horses making lace,I saw a girl just like a cat,I saw a kitten wear a hat,I saw a man who saw these too,And said though strange they all were true.（C）Our first football matchWe would have won .if Jack had scored that goal,if wed had just a few more minutes,if we had trained

35、 harder,if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,if wed had thousands of fans screaming,if I hadnt taken my eye off the ball,if we hadnt stayed up so late the night before,if we hadnt taken it easy,if we hadnt run out of energy.We would have won .if wed been better!Another simple form of poem that students

36、 can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of five lines.With these, students can convey a strong picture in just a few words. Look at the examples (D and E) on the top of the next page.（D）BrotherBeautiful, athleticTeasing, shouting, laughingFriend and enemy tooMine（E）SummerSleepy, saltyDryin

37、g, drooping, dreadingWeek in, week outEndlessHaiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables.It is not a traditional form of English poetry, but is very popular with English writers.It is easy to write and, like the cinquain , can give a clear picture and create a special feeling

38、using the minimum of words.The two haiku poems (F and G) above are translations from the Japanese.（F）A fallen blossomIs coming back to the branch.Look, a butterfly!( by Moritake)（G）Snow having melted,The whole village is brimfulOf happy children.(by Issa)Did you know that English speakers also enjoy

39、 other forms of Asian poetry - Tang poems from China in particular?A lot of Tang poetry has been translated into English.This Tang poem (H) is a translation from the Chinese.（H）Where she awaits her husband(by Wang Jian)On and on the river flows.Never looking back,Transformed into stone.Day by day up

40、on the mountain top,wind and rain revolve.Should the traveller return,this stone would utter speech.英語詩歌的幾種簡單形式人們寫詩有著各種各樣的理由。有些詩是為了敘事，或者說是描述某件事，并給讀者以強(qiáng)烈的印象。而有些詩則是為了傳達(dá)某種感情。詩人用許多不同格式的詩來表達(dá)自己的情感。本文只談了幾種格式比較簡單的詩。最早用英文寫的詩是童謠。孩子們很小就學(xué)習(xí)童謠。像下邊的這首童謠（A）至今仍然是常見的。這些童謠能使俏皮孩子們快樂，因?yàn)樗鼈児?jié)奏感強(qiáng)并且押韻，而且重復(fù)多遍。這樣就容易學(xué)，也容易背。通過童謠中

41、的文字游戲，教孩子們學(xué)習(xí)語言。（A）小寶寶，別吵吵，爸爸給你買個小哩鳥。小哩鳥，不會唱，爸爸給你買個鉆石戒。鉆石戒，變成銅爸爸給你買個小鏡子。小鏡子，打破了，爸爸給你買個小山羊。小山羊，跑掉了。爸爸今天再去買一只。像（B）和（C）這樣列舉事物的清單詩是詩歌中最簡單的一種，學(xué)生可以自己動手寫。清單詩可以重復(fù)一些短語和韻腳（如B），但有一些也不是這樣（如C）。（B）我看到魚塘在燃燒我看到魚塘在燃燒，我看到房子向地主哈腰，我看到人高一丈八，我看到茅屋在天郊，我看到氣球用鋁做。我看到棺材把死人拋。我看到兩只麻雀在賽跑，我看到兩匹馬兒繡花包。我看到姑娘像只貓，我看到小貓戴花帽。我看到有人在一旁瞄，雖奇怪

42、，但也把實(shí)情報(bào)。（C）我們的第一場球賽我們本來會得冠軍如果杰克踢進(jìn)了那個球，如果我們還有幾分鐘，如果我們訓(xùn)練得更嚴(yán)格，如果本把球傳給了喬，如果有大批球迷助威，如果我死死盯住球，如果我們頭晚不熬夜，如果我們沒有太大意，如果我們沒有精疲力竭，我們本來會得冠軍如果我們再干得好一些！另外，一種學(xué)生容易寫的簡體詩是由五行組成的，叫做五行詩。用五行詩，學(xué)生可以用少量的詞語傳遞一幅動人的畫面。請看下面的（D）和（E）兩個例子。（D）兄弟愛美，又愛運(yùn)動愛鬧，愛叫，又愛笑是我的朋友也是我的敵人（E）夏天困乏，刺激干涸，枯萎，恐怖周而復(fù)始永無止境俳句詩（Haiku）是一種日本詩，由17個音節(jié)組成。它不屬英詩的傳統(tǒng)

43、形式，但是在說英語的人們中間，這種詩也是很流行的。它容易寫，而且像五行詩一樣，它可用很少的詞語呈現(xiàn)出一幅清晰的畫面，表達(dá)出一種特殊的感情。下面兩首俳句詩下面的（F）和（G）就是由日文翻譯而來的。（F）落下的花朵回顧到樹枝上。瞧啊，是個蝴蝶?。ㄗ髡撸簃oritake）（G）雪兒溶化了，整個村莊充滿著歡樂的兒童。（作者：Issa）你知道嗎？說英語的人也借另外一種亞洲詩，那就是中國的唐詩，許多唐詩已經(jīng)翻譯成英文了。這些詩都譯成了自由體，說英語的人都喜歡模仿它。下面這首唐詩就是從中文譯成英文的。（H）望夫石王健望夫處，江悠悠?；癁槭?，不回頭。山頭日日風(fēng)復(fù)雨，行人歸來石應(yīng)語。Using Language

44、Listening，reading and discussingIVE SAVED THE SUMMER(by Rod McKuen)Ive saved the summerAnd I give it all to youTo hold on winter morningsWhen the snow is new.Ive saved some sunlightIf you should ever needA place away from darknessWhere your mind can feed.And for myself Ive kept your smileWhen you we

45、re but nineteen,Till youre older youll not knowWhat brave young smiles can mean.I know no answersTo help you on your wayThe answers lie somewhereAt the bottom of the day.But if youve a need for loveIll give you all l ownIt might help you down the roadTill youve found your own.我保留了夏天Rod Mckuen我把夏天留下，

46、全都交給了你。當(dāng)雪花兒初降時，讓冬天的早晨停住。我把陽光留下，萬一你需要它。在那遠(yuǎn)離黑暗的地方，你的心靈會得到補(bǔ)養(yǎng)。那年你芳齡十九，我就珍藏了你的微笑。等你長大成人以后，才知道年輕勇敢的微笑的奧秘。我不知道有什么辦法，幫你踏上你人生的旅程。辦法也許就在某處：在白天結(jié)束的那個時辰。如果你需要愛，我會獻(xiàn)上我所有的愛。它也許能幫你踏上旅程，直到你也找到屬于你的愛。Unit3 Ahealthylife 第三單元 健康生活ReadingADVICE FROM GRANDADDear James,It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the b

47、ig tree at the end of the garden. I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. Its my birthday in two weeks time and Ill be 82 years old! I think my long and active life must be due to the h

48、ealthy life I live. This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to stop. You see, during adole

49、scence I also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes.By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicted in three different ways? First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. This means that after a while your body be

50、comes accustomed to having nicotine in it. So when the drug leaves your body, you get withdrawal symptoms. I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain. Secondly, you become addicted through habit. As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatica

51、lly. Lastly, you can become mentally addicted. I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I began to think that I could only feel good when I smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit. But I did finally manage.When I was young, I didnt kno

52、w much about the harmful effects of smoking. I didnt know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. I certainly didnt know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in some way.

53、Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the health of non-smokers. However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible. She said my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. She told me that she wouldnt go out with me again un

54、less I stopped! I also noticed that I became breathless quickly, and that I wasnt enjoying sport as much. When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit smoking.I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet. It might help you to stop and strength

55、en your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have. Love fromGrandadHow can you stop smoking?It is not easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so can you. Here are a few suggestions.Prapare youself. Decide on a day to quit. Dont choose a

56、 day that you know is going to be stressful, such as the day of an exam. Make a list of all the benefits you will get from stopping smoking. Then throw away your last packet of cigarettes.Be determined. Every time you fell like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker. Reread t

57、he list of benefits you wrote earlier.Break the habit. Instead of smoking a cigarette, do something else. Go for a walk, clean your teeth, frink some water, clean the house; in fact, do anything to keep ypur mind and especially your hands busy.Relax. If you start to feel nervous or stressed, do not raech for a cigarette. Try some deep breathing instead. Do some relaxationg exercises every time you feel stressed.Get help if you need it. Arrange to stop smoking with