1、Talk 3,Communication Theory,Learning Objectives,Define the terms of communication Identify its ingredients and functions Describe its characteristics Explain the process and models of communication Be aware of cultural influence on intercultural communication,Warm-up questions,What is communication?

2、 How would two people in love let each other know about their feelings? How many Chinese words can you think of that are used to express communication?,Basics of Communication,交際 交流 交往 溝通,傳播 通信 傳通,Human communication is as old as mankind,The use of facial expressions, exclamations and noises to comm

3、unicate (100,000 years ago.) Cave paintings to record life(30,000 years ago). The use of language to communicate (20.000 years ago). The use of script to communicate (5000 years ago.),Maslows hierarchy of needs,physiological needs Safety needs Relationship needs Esteem needs Self-actualization needs

4、,Needs and purposes for communication,survival co-operation personal needs relationships persuasion,power Social needs information making sense of the world self-expression,The basic assumption:,Communication is a form of human behavior derived from a need to connect and interact with other human be

5、ings . Communication refers to the exchange of information, ideas, feelings, emotions, etc.,Definition of Communication,Communication is the process in which one party gives the message that is received by the other party. Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residu

6、e (殘余) of behavior. (Samovar and Porter),The scope of Communication,Situations: 1)An orator delivers a speech to a large g gathering. 2) You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone 3) You send an email message to an American friend. 4)John lies in bed reading a novel.

7、 5) Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille.,6) A German businessman negotiates through an interpreter with his Chinese counterpart 7) A mother talks to her 3-month old baby. 8 )A farmer gives instructions to his ploughing cow. 9) A programmer issues commands to a computer. 10) A boy talks to him

8、self while flourishing his toy gun. 11) An archaeologist is deciphering a mysterious sign on the recently unearthed pot.,12)American scientists have sent meaningful radio signals to the universe, hoping to receive a reply some day in the future. 13)An Arabic traveler talks to you in Arabic that is G

9、reek to you. 14) A hen clucks to her chicks. 15) My watching machine receives commands from the built-in computer.,Essential Elements of Human Communication,Communication occurs if - there are at least two or more people. -there must be some contact between communication. -there must be a language s

10、hared by communicators. -an exchange of information has taken place,Classification of communication,human communication (4,10,11,12) animal communication (14) human-animal communication (8) human-machine communication (9) machine-to-machine communication (15),communication human biological/physical

11、non- social social intra- inter organizational mass personal personal ,Ways of establishing a communication contact,two-way contact - direct communication ( 1,6,7,8,9,10,13,14,15) one-way contact indirect communication ( 2,3,4,5,11,12) face to-face communication distance communication,Categories of

12、human communication,Intrapersonal communication Interpersonal communication Group communication Organizational communication Mass communication,The ingredients of communication,1) behavior source （行為源） 2) encoding (編碼) 3) message （信息） 4) medium/channel （渠道） 5) receiver/responder （信息接收者） 6) decoding

13、（譯碼） 7) response （反應(yīng)）,Example,A and B are two students in the classroom a couple of minutes before the class begin: A: Hi, Bob, are you doing anything tonight? B: No, why? A: Ive got two tickets for the Lion King . like to go with me? B: Sure. (Teacher enters. B lowers his voice). When? A: Shh, Lets

14、 talk after class.,Models of Communication,Lasswells 5-W linear model Osgood-Schramms Circular Model Contextualized Model,Lasswells 5-W model,Who Say what In which channel To whom With what effect,A sender Direct a message Through some medium To a receiver With some effect,Lasswells 5-W model,Sender

15、 message channel effect receiver,Osgood-Schramms Circular Model,message,encoder decoder,decoder encoder,message,Contextualized Model,physical context social context Cultural context,Source encoder message channel decoder receiver,Encoding and decoding are areas where misunderstanding is most likely

16、to occur,Reasons for misunderstanding,Encoding and decoding do not take place in a vacuum (真空.) Communicators are social beings influenced by their culture. Culture enters into the process of encoding and decoding .,The characteristics of communication,Communication is dynamic. Communication is syst

17、emic. Communication is symbolic. Communication is interactive. Communication is irreversible. Communication takes place in a physical and a social context .,Characteristics of Communication,No direct mind-mind contact We can only infer We seek to define the world Communication is self-reflective The

18、 brain is an open system Communication has a consequence We are alike and we are different,Three basic assumptions about human communication,1) Communication is rule governed. (verbal and nonverbal rules) 2) Contexts specify the appropriate rules. 3) Rules are culturally diverse.,How far is communic

19、ation defined by ones culture or sub-culture?,The way we talk depends on the way we are brought up. The way we talk (communicate) actually defines the culture we belong to. The real point is not about how we communicate but about how we think.,Communicating in a new culture,What to say (words, phrases, meaning, structure) Whom to communicate with (the role & status of the person) Who you are (how you perceive yourself) How you communicate the message (emotional compo