1、Phobia,Look, what is this?,Its a snake.,Its a cobra.,Are you shaking at the sight of the snakes?,What are they?,They are snakes.,Look, whats this?,Its a dog.,What are they?,They are dogs.,Some people run away quickly.,What are you going to do when you see dogs?,Some people cant help playing together

2、 with them.,Look, what is this?,Its a cat.,What are they?,They are cats.,Dont you think they are lovely?,Even the sight of cats will frighten them, and they will try to avoid cats.,But some people shake at the sight of the lovely cats.,But some people feel ill at the thought of going somewhere on an

3、 airplane.,Do you want to take a plane?,Some of us dream of a flight someday.,Because of his fears, he is unable to visit his friend who lives on the high floor of this apartment house.,What is this man afraid of?,He is afraid of taking the elevator.,They have to spend a great deal of time and energ

4、y avoiding the feared things and situations. Such all-consuming(消耗極大的) fear or overwhelming(巨大的) fear is called phobia (恐懼癥). Phobia is a strong, unnatural and usu. unreasonable fear and dislike. Its difficult to convince (說服) phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers

5、 fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.,All these fears limit some peoples lifestyle.,Then how to get rid of phobias?,Para 1 What are you afraid of ?Elevators? Dogs? Snakes? Cars? Airplanes?,Para 2 If you have fears, you are not alone. Most of u

6、s are afraid of somethingat least once in our lives. And not all fears are bad.,Fears are common and not all fears are bad.,Question Whats the topic sentence of these two paragraphs ?,Para 3 Some fears protect us. For example, you might run indoors or climb a tree if a dog were chasing you. Fear of

7、drowning(淹死) will keep a swimmer from swimming in the ocean if there is no lifeguard (救生員) around. Or you might be afraid to walk in dark streets at night. Such fears can be life-savers.,Some fears protect us.,Question Whats the main idea of this paragraph ?,The statement is supported by three examp

8、les.,Question: Why does the author say so ?,A: Run indoors or climb a tree if a dog were chasing you.,B: Keep from swimming in the ocean if it is not safe enough.,C: Not to walk in dark streets.,Such fears can be lifesavers.,Question: Whats the conclusion of the examples?,Para 4 However, there are c

9、ertain other fears that may not protect you but may, instead, very much limit your lifestyle. If this is happening to you, you may have what is called a phobia an overwhelming fear of some thing or situation. Such fear is often so all-consuming that you spend a great deal of your time and energy avo

10、iding the thing that frightens you.,Para 5 For instance, are you so afraid of dogs or cats that you shake at the sight of one? Does the thought of going somewhere on an airplane make you feel ill? Are you unable to visit a friend who lives on a high floor of an apartment(公寓) house because you would

11、have to take the elevator?,Some fears may very much limit peoples lifestyle.,Question Whats the main idea of these two paragraphs ?,The thought of going somewhere on an airplane make them feel ill.,The fear of taking an elevator makes them unable to visit friends living on a high floor of apartment

12、houses.,The sight of dogs or cats makes the phobic people shake.,Question: What kind of examples does the author give ?,Para 6 People who have phobias are usually so frightened of the feared object or situation that they try to completely avoid whatever it is that frightens them. And neither friends

13、 nor family can convince(說服) phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.,They usually try to completely avoid meeting the feared things and situations or whatever it is that fr

14、ightens them.,Question：What do phobic people usually do when they are very frightened of the feared object or situation?,They believe that animals are harmful, flights and elevators are unsafe.,Question：What do the people who have phobias think of animals, flight and elevators ?,Para 7 So, what can

15、you do to try to get rid of phobias? There are specialists who have been trained to deal with phobic patients. Such specialists know how to help phobic people become less afraid. They teach phobic people how to deal with their fears and, eventually, overcome them.,You can ask a specialist for help.,

16、Question What do you do in order to get rid of phobias ?,Because specialists can help phobic people become less afraid.,Question Why do you ask specialists for help?,Because specialists can teach phobic people how to deal with and overcome their fears.,Para 8 For instance, suppose(假定) youre afraid o

17、f flying. Find out if a nearby airport has special seminars (學習班) for people who are afraid to fly. Many airports do. How would such a program work?,Para 9 First, a specialist will take your group to the airport to watch the planes take off and land. A representative (代表) from one of the airlines (航

18、空公司) will explain how an airplane flies. Then your group will sit in an airplane that stays on the ground.,Para 10 At a later time, you will go up in a plane for a very short flight (to nowhere), and then land. Over a number of sessions the time you spend in the air will gradually increase. And, eve

19、ntually, when youre all prepared for it, the group will take a trip to another city.,Question What are the steps of a special programme for the people who are afraid to fly ?,Watch the plane take off and land.,Para 11 Or suppose you are afraid of elevators, and you want help. A specialist will take

20、a group of you to a high-rise (高層的) office building. There, a technician will explain how an elevator works and will explain the many safety features(特征) elevators have. After first standing in an elevator on the ground floor, you will go up and down just one floor. Gradually, your elevator trips wi

21、ll be longer, until you can go all the way to the top and back without fear.,Question What will a specialist do when he deal with a phobic patient who is afraid of elevators ?,A technician explains how elevators work and what safety features they have.,Para 12 Such sessions teach the phobic person s

22、lowly that he or she can learn to control his or her fears, and even overcome them.,Yes. Such sessions will help the phobic people realize that they can learn to control their fears and even overcome them.,Question Do you think such sessions will be successful ?,Para 13 If you have phobias and want

23、help, or know a phobic person who wants help, ask your doctor for help in finding a specialist.,Try to find a specialist to get rid of fears.,Question Whats the advice for phobic people ?,How many parts can this article be divided into ?,What are they?,Generally speaking, an article can be made up o

24、f three parts : Introduction , Body , and Conclusion.,How about this article ?,Three parts.,Fears are common, which can be good or bad.,Sometimes fears can be good , and sometimes fears can be bad.,Part I,Para 1 , 2,Part II,Para 3 , 4 ,5 , 6,How to get rid of fears,Part III,Para 7 ,8 ,9 , 10, 11, 12

25、,13,Next lets see how the author support his topic sentences.,Question Can you sum up the main idea of the article ?,Most people have something to be afraid of. That is not an entirely bad thing. Some fears can even protect people from getting into danger. For instance, fear of drowning will keep a

26、swimmer from swimming in unfamiliar waters. But phobias are always harmful. They can very much limit ones lifestyle. If one has developed a phobia, it is necessary for him to ask a specialist for help. A specialist knows how to help phobic people.,Question What kind of writing style does the article

27、 belong to ?,It is an exposition.,1. Most of us are afraid of somethingat least once in our lives. And not all fears are bad.(L2-3),我們大多數(shù)人都懼怕某種東西至少在一生中有過這么一兩次。然而，并非所有的恐懼都是有害的。,2. Such fears can be life-savers.(L6-7),這些懼怕心理能夠起保命的作用。,3. If this is happening to you, you may have what is called a phobia

28、an overwhelming fear of some thing or situation.(L9-10),要是出現(xiàn)這種情況，那你就可能患上了所謂的恐懼癥一種對某事物或情況難以控制的恐懼心理。,4. Such fear is often so all-consuming that you spend a great deal of your time and energy avoiding the thing that frightens you.(L10-11),這種恐懼心理經(jīng)常會使你筋疲力盡，耗費大量的時間和精力去避開引起你恐懼的事物。,5. For instance, are you

29、 so afraid of dogs or cats that you shake at the sight of one?(L12-13),例如，你是否非常懼怕貓狗，見了貓狗就會渾身發(fā)抖呢？,6. People who have phobias are usually so frightened of the feared object or situation that they try to completely avoid whatever it is that frightens them.(L16-17),有恐懼癥的人通常十分害怕遇到他們所懼怕 的事物或情況，從而千方百計地避開引起

30、他們恐懼的東西。,7. And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.(L17-20),無論是親朋好友還是家里的人都無法使患恐懼癥的人相信大多數(shù)動物是不會傷害人的，每天都有成千上萬的人乘飛機安全旅行，還有數(shù)百萬人每天幾次安然

31、無恙地乘電梯。,8. A specialist will take a group of you to a high-rise office building.(L35-36),一位專家會帶你們到一座高層辦公大樓里去。,Every year many people die of fire.,Whats this ?,Its fire.,Are you afraid of big fire?,Do you know what can cause fire?,Can you make a list of things you know that can start a fire?,Match(es

32、),Burning cigarette ends,Gasoline (Petrol),Gas,Electricity,Lightning,firecracker,Wait and do nothing until fire fighters come.,Act rapidly and keep your head.,Sound the alarm in the building.,(),(),(),What should you do in case of fire?,Because fire fighters know how fires behave and how to put out

33、them.,Give an emergency call to the fire station.,( ),Whats the fire departments telephone number?,119.,Turn off all the switches so as to cut off the power supply.,( ),Open doors can provide enough draft so that a fire can run wild.,Open doors and windows on a fire.,Because fire goes wherever it ca

34、n, especially following a draft (通風).,(),So close the doors and windows so as not to let the air in.,Electrical fire needs fire extinguishers (滅火器), but the smothering agent (滅火劑) must be a non-conductor (絕緣體), a material that will not conduct electricity.,Use water to put out an electrical fire.,()

35、,Because oil can separate itself from water and go on burning. Fire fighters have to smother oil fires with a blanket of powder or foam (一層粉末或泡沫). They use special fire extinguishers that spread chemicals to put out an oil fire.,Use water to put out an ordinary fire.,Use water to smother (熄滅) an oil

36、 fire.,( ),(),At this moment we should help to evacuate (疏散) old people and children and dangerous goods that can easily catch fire.,Try to save valuable things as quickly as possible.,(),Lets see what we should do in case of fire:,Act rapidly and keep your head.,Sound the alarm,Give an emergency ca

37、ll to the fire station,Turn off all the switches,Close the doors and windows,Use fire extinguishers to put out fires.,Evacuate old people and children,Para 1 Today a powerful army of fire fighters stands ready to help the moment a fire breaks out. But it is important for each person to know what to

38、do in case of fire.,It is important to know what to do in case of fire.,Question Whats the topic sentence of this paragraph ?,A powerful army of fire fighters stands ready to help the moment a fire breaks out.,Question Who is a great help the moment a fire breaks out ?,Para 2 The following rule may

39、save your life. Act quickly, but do not lose your head. The fire is hot, but you must stay cool. The rule is easier to follow if you have planned your actions before an emergency(緊急情況) occurs. Thousands of lives would be saved every year if everyone had a plan of escape ready in case of fire.,Act qu

40、ickly and keep his head.,Question What should a person do in order to save his life in case of fire ?,Having a plan of escape ready.,Question What is necessary before an emergency occurs?,Para 3 Families should talk about escape plans(避火計劃). Each member should know just what he or she would do and s

41、hould practice it, Every home should have the fire departments telephone number posted in plain sight. Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box(報警箱) is located and where exits(安全門), fire escapes(防火梯), and fire doors(防火門) are.,Escape plans are important for families.,Question Whats the m

42、ain idea of this paragraph ?,Everyone should know the fire department telephone number, the nearest fire alarm box, the exits, fire escapes and fire doors.,Question What should every member of the family know ?,Para 4 Fire fighters know how fires behave, just as soldiers know how an enemy will proba

43、bly fight. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draft(通風). Open doors can provide enough draft so that a fire can run wild. That is why it is important to close on a fire.,Closing doors on a fire is important. Because fire prefers to follow a draft. Open doors can provide enough dra

44、ft so that a fire can run wild.,Question What is important on a fire ? Why ?,Para 5 Fire needs air. It also needs a certain high temperature in order to burn. That is why water has always been the main weapon against fire. Water cools material below its burning point(燃點). It also cuts off the fires

45、air supply.,Para 6 But water will not put out an oil fire. Oil separates itself from water and goes on burning. Fire fighters have to smother(熄滅) oil fires with a blanket of powder or foam. They have special fire extinguishers that spread chemicals to keep air from the fire, so that it dies. Electri

46、cal fire also needs fire extinguishers, but the smothering agent(滅火劑) must be a non-conductor(非導體) that is, a material that will not conduct electricity. A homeowner can get hurt trying to use the wrong kind of extinguisher on an electrical fire.,Please complete the following table with the informat

47、ion given in these two paragraphs.,Type of fire,Weapon against fire,How it can stop fire,Ordinary,water,Cools material below its burning point and cuts off the fires air supply,Oil,Blankets of powder or foam, special fire extinguishers,Smother oil fires, Spread chemicals to keep air from the fire.,E

48、lectrical,Fire extinguishers using nonconductor smothering agent,Smother the fires,Para 7 Every home should have a fire extinguisher. It will not help if a fire has a good start, but it could stop a small fire. No untrained person should try to put out a fire larger than one in a wastebasket. Home f

49、ire fighting is like first aid. It may help in the first seconds of an emergency, but it cannot replace fire fighters. So it is very important to sound an alarm when the fire is still small. When a fire fighter is killed, it is usually because the fire has been burning a long time, causing a wall to

50、 collapse(倒坍) while the fire is being fought.,Para 8 Panic(驚慌) causes many fire deaths in crowded places. Frightened people make a rush for a door and pile up against it, so that no one can get out. This does not happen if everyone stays clam. Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to ge

51、t to an exit, may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.,Question What should we do in the following situations ?,Situation,Action,The fire is a small one.,We can put it out with a fire extinguisher.,The fire is larger than one in a wastebasket.,We should sound an alarm and

52、 give a telephone call to the fire department while we are fighting the fire.,The fire is in a crowded place.,We should keep calm and should not crowd and push to get to an exit.,Keep his head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit.,Question What should a person do in order to avoid deat

53、h ?,The organization and writing style of the passage。,Question How many parts can this passage be divided into ?,Two.,Introduction : It is important for each person to know what to do in case of fire.,Part I,Para 1,Body : The things each person should do in case of fire.,Part II,Para 28,Act quickly

54、 and keep ones head.,Families should talk about escape plans.,Close doors on a fire.,Use water to fight an ordinary fire.,Use special extinguishers to put out oil fires or electricity fires,Sound an alarm when the fire is still small.,Keep ones head , instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exi

55、t.,Question What kind of writing style does this passage belong to ?,Its an exposition.,1. Today a powerful army of fire fighters stands ready to help the moment a fire breaks out. ( L1-2 ),今天，只要一有火災就會有一支強大的救火大軍救援。,2. Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits,

56、fire escapes, and fire doors are. ( L9-10 ),大家都應該知道就近的報警箱的位置，以及安全門，防火梯和防火門在哪里。,3. Fire fighters have to smother oil fire with a blanket of powder or foam. ( L19 ),消防隊員需要噴灑一層粉末或泡沫將油類燃料引起的火窒息。,4. A homeowner can get hurt trying to use the wrong kind of extinguisher on an electrical fire. ( L22-23 ),要是

57、房主人錯用其他滅火劑來救電引起的火，那他就會受到傷害。,5. Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out. ( L 32-33 ),發(fā)生火災時，要保持頭腦冷靜，不要都擁擠到安全門前，這是生死悠關(guān)的事。,Para 1 Psychologists have developed experimental techniques for measuring the abili

58、ties of babies. They have had to, for babies are attractive little mammals with whom direct communication is impossible. If we could only remember what babies were like - or one baby, at any rate, the one we used to be. Yet every human being was once a baby, and one-way communication with earlier gr

59、owth stages of ones self is possible across time. It is called memory.,1. They have had to .,They have had to: They have had to develop experimental techniques for measuring the abilities of babies.,2. If we could only remember,at any rate: in any case,3. at any rate,4. and one-way communication with earlier growth stages of ones self is possible across time.,and it is possible for one to communicate with his own earlier growth stages through a one-way journey in time.,Para 2 Since I am rather proud of my own memory, I have tried now and then to remember as far back as I could and to ident