1、第十八章 應(yīng)用文體的翻譯 Translation of Applied English Writings,退出,2,合同、契約都屬于法律性文件，也是應(yīng)用文的一種形式。所謂法律性文件，大到指各國的經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)、國與國之間的條約、國際公約和國際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織章程，小到指單位與單位或個人與個人之間的普通經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)議、合作意向書、合同、契約、各種法律證書以及信用證、提單、發(fā)票等具有法律效力的單證等等。對外經(jīng)貿(mào)法律文件大都有較嚴(yán)格的格式要求。從語言結(jié)構(gòu)上看，英語法律文件的語句一般較長，各類短語和從句都具有很強(qiáng)的限定作用。 在翻譯成漢語時盡量不要對原句結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行較大的改動、調(diào)整或斷句，以免因結(jié)構(gòu)變化而產(chǎn)生不必要的意義差異

2、甚至漏洞。,1. 合同 (Contract),What is a contract?,A contract is a legal document enforceable by law and binding on the parties involved. It may be formal or informal. The business contract which is generally adopted in international trade activity is the formal written one.,2. 商務(wù)合同的構(gòu)成部分,1.合同名稱 Title 2. 前文（

3、前言） Preamble 前言即合同總則，其主要內(nèi)容有：具有法人資格的 當(dāng)事人的名稱（字號）或姓名、國籍、業(yè)務(wù)范圍、 法定住址、合同簽訂日期和地點(diǎn)，就感愛好問題的 約因，愿意達(dá)成協(xié)議的原則及授權(quán)范圍 1) Date of signing 2) Signing parties 3) Each partys authority (當(dāng)事人的合法依據(jù)） 4）Place of signing 5) Recitals or WHEREAS clause (定約緣由）,3. 本文（Body) 定義條款 （Definition clause) 基本條款（Basic conditions) 一般條款（Gener

4、al terms and conditions) 合同有效期限 （Duration) 終止 (Termination) 不可抗力 （Force Majeure) 合同的讓與 （Assignment) 仲裁 （Arbitration) 適用法律 （governing law) 訴訟管轄 （Jurisdiction) 通知手續(xù) （Notice) 合同的修改 （Amendment) 其他 （Others),4. 結(jié)尾條款 （Witness clause) 結(jié)尾語包括合同的分?jǐn)?shù)、使用的文字和效力等 （Concluding sentence) 簽名 （Signature) 蓋印 （Seal),7,例2：

5、This Contract is made this _ day of _, 20 _, in (place of signature) by and between (name of one party), a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of (name of the country) with its domicile at (address) (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and (name of the other party) a cooperation d

6、uly organized and existing under the laws of (name of the country) with its domicile at (address) (hereinafter referred to as Party B). Whereas Party A has been engaged in the manufacture and marketing of (name of products), and possesses valuable up-to-date technology, relating to the manufacture,

7、assembly and marketing of the said products; whereas Party B has been a leading trading company in the field of the said products and is willing to arrange for the manufacture, assembly and marketing of the said products, and whereas both parties are desirous to establish a joint venture company to

8、manufacture, assemble and market the said products; Therefore, in consideration of the premises and conventions herein contained and other good and valuable considerations flowing from either party to the other, the receipt whereof both parties by their execution of this Contract do hereby acknowled

9、ge, the parties hereby agree as follows: ,8,【譯文】 本合同于二零_年_月_日在（簽訂地點(diǎn)）簽訂。 合同一方為（一方名稱），是一家依照（國家名稱）法律組織而存在的公司，其住所在（地址）(以下簡稱甲方)； 合同另一方為（另一方名稱），是一家依照（國家名稱）法律組織而存在的公司，其住所在（地址）（以下簡稱乙方）； 鑒于甲方長期從事（產(chǎn)品名稱）的制造和推銷，并擁有制造、裝配、推銷上述產(chǎn)品的有價值的先進(jìn)技術(shù)； 鑒于乙方長期以來是一家經(jīng)營上述產(chǎn)品的主要貿(mào)易公司，愿意安排上述產(chǎn)品的制造、裝配和推銷； 鑒于雙方都希望建立一家合資公司，來制造、裝配和推銷上述產(chǎn)品；

10、考慮到上述各點(diǎn)和本合同所載各項(xiàng)條款，以及雙方通過簽署本合同而確認(rèn)收到的彼此間的其他有效相應(yīng)報酬，雙方特定此協(xié)議如下：,9,【解析】這是一份英語合同樣書，有其固定的格式，先寫什么，后寫什么都有一定的順序。合同簽訂日期、主要條款、最后條款、許可產(chǎn)品、商標(biāo)、工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)、公司名稱、雙方廠址、專門的術(shù)語行話、合作的條款項(xiàng)目、各自的責(zé)任、使用范圍、專有技術(shù)、質(zhì)量控制、費(fèi)用分擔(dān)、開發(fā)程序、達(dá)到的要求都要寫入其中，最后還要寫上“Neither party shall terminate this contract without reasonable cause prior to the agreed date

11、 of expiration.”（雙方均不得無故提前終止合同）的條款。以約束雙方，必須按合同辦事。翻譯時所采用的順序基本和英語一致，結(jié)構(gòu)也大體相同，惟一不同的是漢語譯文分段比英語的多，這是因?yàn)闈h語合同格式要求所致。用詞上英語多用“Party A”，“Party B”，“whereas”，“therefore”，“hereinafter”，“thereinafter”等，漢語多用“甲方”，“乙方”，“鑒于”，“以下”等術(shù)語。,10,Part 1 The Basics,合同文本的詞匯特點(diǎn),大量存在的貿(mào)易術(shù)語及法律用語 同義詞或近義詞疊用同義或近義詞疊用確保了合同行文不被曲解，使其含義高度精確 經(jīng)常

12、使用古體詞 使用頻率較高且最具特色的是由where, there與in, by, with, after等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞匯,11,3. 商務(wù)英語的詞匯特點(diǎn)與翻譯要點(diǎn),3.1 多使用正式或法律上的用詞 1）At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 應(yīng)乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技術(shù)員幫助乙方安裝設(shè) 備(help)。 2）Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the

13、cost of his passage to Beijing. 甲方應(yīng)將病人遣返中國，負(fù)責(zé)病人回到北京的旅費(fèi) （send back)。,根據(jù)不同的專業(yè)來確定詞義 3）The premium rates vary with differed interests insured. 【interests】被保險的事物 4）If the buyer fails to pay any account when due, the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the d

14、ue date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum, such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller. 【interests】利息 5）The articles of our immediate interest are your “CHON-HOI” brand Agricultural Washing Machines. 【interests】興趣,注意合同本身的術(shù)語,5）Contractor shall as

15、sure full responsibility for the entire project work until its acceptance. 初始譯文：在項(xiàng)目接收之前，承包方應(yīng)對工程承擔(dān)全部 責(zé)任。 （驗(yàn)收）,注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等詞語的法律內(nèi)涵 a.May：在表示合同上的權(quán)利（Right）、權(quán)限（Power）或特權(quán)（Privilege）的場合中使用。若表示某種權(quán)利在法律上具有強(qiáng)制性的時候，更多的是“be entitled”。 Shall：在合同中并不是單純的將來時，一般用它來表示法律上可以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的義務(wù)（Obligatio

16、n）。如未履行，即視為違約，并構(gòu)成某種賠償責(zé)任。所以，shall在譯文里，通常表示“應(yīng)該”或“必須”，當(dāng)然，也有不翻譯的時候。例如： Should：在合同中通常只用來表示語氣較弱的假設(shè)，多翻譯成“萬一”或“如果”，極少譯成“應(yīng)該”。,多用專業(yè)詞匯,Translate the following terms into Chinese.,joint venture 2 competitive advantage 3 bid project 4 fulfill obligation 5. 50/50 split,合資企業(yè),競爭優(yōu)勢,競投項(xiàng)目,履行義務(wù),平攤,useful expressions,Co

17、ntracting Parties 協(xié)議雙方 Means of Contact of Both Parties 雙方聯(lián)系方式 Territory 代理區(qū)域 Minimum Turnover 最低業(yè)務(wù)量 Exclusive Right 獨(dú)家代理權(quán) Market Report 市場商情報告 Commission 傭金 Industrial Property Rights 工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán) Termination 協(xié)議的終止 Force Majeure 不可抗力的條款 Arbitration 仲裁條款 Terms and conditions 條款,基礎(chǔ)短語,Part 1 Translate the fol

18、lowing terms into Chinese.,draft a contract conclude a contract sign a contract fulfil a contract violate a contract sales contract 7. purchase contract,起草合同,( ),締結(jié)合同,( ),簽訂合同,( ),履行合同,( ),違反合同,( ),銷售合同,( ),購貨合同,( ),3.2 同義詞和近義詞的疊用,Able and willing Alteration, modification or substitution Be null and

19、 void and of no effect Loss or damage Negligence, or failure in the duties and obligations Stipulations and provisions (terms or conditions) Just and due Sole and absolute,19,能夠與愿意,變更修改或替代,作廢并無效,合理與正當(dāng)?shù)?滅失或損壞,完全的,未履行責(zé)任與義務(wù),條款,1）This Agreement made and entered into by and between ABC Co. and XYZ Co. AB

20、C 公司和XYZ公司雙方簽訂本協(xié)議。 2）All documents, letters, telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the Contract comes into force. 雙方在簽約前交換的所有文件、書信、電報和電傳，應(yīng)從本合同生效之日開始自動失效。,3）This agreement and any righ

21、ts or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto. 本協(xié)議以及本協(xié)議所規(guī)定的權(quán)利或義務(wù)，未經(jīng)另一方同 意不得擅自轉(zhuǎn)讓。 4）The buyer is responsible for the following costs and charges in the sale and transport of goods. 買方承擔(dān)貨物運(yùn)輸和銷售中的成本和費(fèi)用。,翻譯時應(yīng)注意

22、：,1 謹(jǐn)慎選用極易混淆的詞語 英譯商務(wù)合同時，常常由于選同不當(dāng)而導(dǎo)致詞不達(dá)意或者意思模棱兩可，有時甚至表達(dá)的是完全不同的含義。如下列詞語： Ashipping advice 與 shipping instructions shipping advice: 裝運(yùn)通知，是由出口商發(fā)給進(jìn)口 商的。 shipping instructions: 裝運(yùn)須知，是進(jìn)口商發(fā)給出口商的。,B abide by與comply with abide by: 遵守，主語須是“人” comply with: 遵守，主語是非人稱。 e.g. Both parties shall abide by All the act

23、ivities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations. 雙方都應(yīng)遵守/雙方的一切活動都應(yīng)遵守合同規(guī)定。 C change A to B與change A into B change A to B: 把A改為B change A into B: 把A折合成/兌換成B e.g. Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into RMB. 交貨期改為8月并將美元折合成人民幣。,2.謹(jǐn)慎處理

24、時間詞,1）in與after in: “多少天之后”的確切的一天 after:“多少天之后”的不確切的任何的一天 e.g. The goods shall be shipped per M.V. “Dong Feng” on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rotterdam in 41 days. 該貨于11月10日由“東風(fēng)”輪運(yùn)出，41天后抵達(dá)鹿 特丹港。,2）by與before by: 在翻譯終止時間時，比如在“某月某日之前”，如果包括所寫日期，就用by. before: 如果不包括所寫日期，即指到所寫日期的前一天為止，就用before. e.g

25、. The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15（before June 16) 賣方須在6月15日前將貨交給買方。,3）on and after Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20. 自 9月 2O日起，甲方已無權(quán)接受任何定單或收據(jù)。,27,Part 2 Wording of a contract,3.3 “古體詞”的使用,進(jìn)行對外經(jīng)濟(jì)合同文件寫作時，

26、在用詞上不但要求準(zhǔn)確，而且要求簡潔。 英語中某些副詞如“here”和 “where”在法律文件中往往當(dāng)作前綴，與另外一個詞構(gòu)成一個正式法律詞匯中的副詞，在法律文件中用這些詞，可以避免重復(fù)，使行文準(zhǔn)確、簡潔。 對外經(jīng)濟(jì)合同文件是法律文件，為了維護(hù)法律的權(quán)威性，在進(jìn)行此類文件的英文寫作時，常常使用那些我們平時不常用的、法律文件中專用的正式詞匯。,古體詞的使用,aforesaid aforementioned forthwith hereafter hereby herein hereon,前述的 上述的 隨即 之后 據(jù)此 本文件中 于是；關(guān)于這個,hereof therein thereto th

27、ereinafter theretofore thereunto thereupon,于此 在其中 到那里 以下；在下文 直到那時 在那里 就該事,thereafter thereat whereas whereon whereby wherein hitherto whereas in witness whereof,此后，據(jù)此 因此 鑒于 關(guān)于那；在其上 由是；憑那個 在其中 迄今 鑒于 以茲為證,措詞hereby,This contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to a

28、s Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation. 本合同雙方，公司 (以下稱甲方) 與公司(以下稱乙方) 于(日期)在中國(地點(diǎn)), 本著平等互利和友好協(xié)商的原則特簽訂本合同。,措詞hereby,Hereby: by means of ; by reason of this. 特此，因此，茲。 We hereb

29、y certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein（在聲明中）, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request. 特此證明，據(jù)我們所知，上述聲明內(nèi)容真實(shí)，正確無誤，并提供了全部現(xiàn)有的資料和數(shù)據(jù)，我們同意，應(yīng)貴方要求出具證明文件。,措詞hereof,Hereof:

30、 of this, 關(guān)于此點(diǎn)，在本文中。 e.g. The terms, conditions and provisions hereof：本合同的條件和條款。 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof （本法所稱）, cover such legal entities and other organizations as are engaged in foreign trade dealings. 本法所稱的對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營者是指依照本法規(guī)定從事對外

31、貿(mào)易經(jīng)營活動的法人和其他組織。,措詞hereto,Hereto: to this, 至此，在此上。在表示上文已提及的“本合同的本文件的”時，使用該詞。 e.g. The parties hereto: 本合同雙方 Appendix 4 hereto: 本協(xié)議附件4 The award of this arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by th

32、e Arbitration Commission. 仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方都有約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用應(yīng)由敗訴方承擔(dān)，但仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外。,措詞herein,Herein: in this. 此中，于此。在表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的本文件（中）的”時，使用該詞。 The term “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Cham

33、ber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein. 除非本合同另有規(guī)定， “FOB”, “CFR” 或 “CIF” 均應(yīng)依照國際商會制定的國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000辦理。 “FOB” (free on board) 離岸價 “CFR” (cost and freight): 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi) “CIF” (cost, insurance and fright): 成本、保險加運(yùn)費(fèi),措詞hereinafter,Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。一般與to

34、be referred to as, referred to as, called 等詞組連用。 When existing Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “enterprise with foreign investment”) apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises wi

35、th foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years. 已設(shè)立的中外合資企業(yè)、中外合作企業(yè)和外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)（以下簡稱外商投資企業(yè)），如申請轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣镜?，?yīng)有最近連續(xù)3年的盈利記錄。,措詞therein, thereof,therein: in that, in that particular context, in that respect. 在那點(diǎn)上，在那方面。在表示上文已提及的“合同中的，工程中的”等時，可以使用該詞。 thereof: of tha

36、t, of it. 由此，其。在表示已提及的“人或事的”時，可以使用該詞。,The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 沒有業(yè)主的事先同意，承包人不得將合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好處進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓，但下列情況除外：,措詞thereof,If this Agreeme

37、nt is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed P

38、roducts. 如本協(xié)議因任何理由而終止，所有甲方提供的圖紙、圖片、規(guī)格以及其他全部生產(chǎn)和操作資料，包括全部復(fù)制品，均返還甲方，同時，乙方應(yīng)停止生產(chǎn)上述許可證產(chǎn)品。,措詞thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder,Thereafter: after that, 此后，之后 Thereto: to that, 隨附，附之 Therewith: with that, 與此，與之 Therefor: for that, 因之，為此 Thereunder: under that, 在其下，依照,措詞whereas,Whereas: con

39、sidering that, 鑒于，就而論。常用于合同協(xié)議書的開頭段落以引出合同雙方訂立合同的理由或依據(jù)。 Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology; Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract

40、 Products; The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 鑒于乙方有權(quán)并同意將專利技術(shù)的合同產(chǎn)品使用權(quán)、制造權(quán)和銷售權(quán)授予甲方； 鑒于甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術(shù)制造并銷售合同產(chǎn)品； 雙方授權(quán)代表同意就以下條款簽訂本合同：,措詞whereby,Whereby: by the agreement, by

41、 the following terms and conditions, 憑此協(xié)議，憑此條款。常用于合同協(xié)議書中以引出合同當(dāng)事人應(yīng)承擔(dān)的主要合同義務(wù)。 A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object. 買賣合同是出賣人轉(zhuǎn)讓標(biāo)的物的所有權(quán)于買受人，買受人支付價款的合同。,措詞notwithstanding,notwithstanding: pre

42、p. In spite of 盡管；無論。比although正式。 The Works shall be measured net, notwithstanding any general or local custom, except where otherwise provided for in the contract. 無論通常的和當(dāng)?shù)氐牧?xí)慣如何，工程計量應(yīng)該計算凈值，但合同另有規(guī)定的除外。,措詞shall, should,在合同等法律文件中，表示強(qiáng)制性承擔(dān)法律或合同義務(wù)，如表示“應(yīng)該”或“必須”做某事時，應(yīng)用“shall”，而決不能用“must”或“ should”。 在表示“應(yīng)該”

43、或“必須” 時，有時也可以用will，但力度要比shall弱。 Should在法律文件中往往用作if, 只表示“如果”之意。 The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the Chairman be absent, the vice-Chairmen shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting. 董事會應(yīng)由董事長召集并主持，若董事長缺席，原則上應(yīng)由副董事長召集主持。,45,46,Part 3 Phrases

44、used in contracts,短語與詞組 unless otherwise,Unless otherwise: 除非。比if not 和 otherwise 正式。 Unless otherwise expressly specified in the Contract, the Engineer shall have no authority to relieve the Contractor of any of his obligations under the Contract. 除非在合同中明確規(guī)定，工程師無權(quán)解除合同規(guī)定的承包人的任何義務(wù)。,短語與詞組 in respect o

45、f, in respect thereof,表示“關(guān)于”，比about, concerning, as regards 正式。 In respect thereof 在表示關(guān)于上文已提及的事項(xiàng)時使用。 The contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement. 承包人已在其最終報告中，包括了對此事的索賠。,短語與詞組 in the event that, in the event of, 如果，如果發(fā)生,In the event that either party hereto fails to

46、comply with the terms or conditions of this Agreement, and , within 90 days after the written notice is issued by the other Party hereto, fails to remedy such failure, the Party giving notice may, forthwith, notify the other Party of the matter in question and terminate this Agreement. 若任何一方未能履行本協(xié)議規(guī)

47、定的條款或條件，并在收到另一方書面通知后90天內(nèi)未對其不履行進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救，發(fā)出通知的一方可立即通知另一方終止本協(xié)議。,短語與詞組 be deemed, 被認(rèn)為,正式用語，比be believed, be considered 正式。 In the absence of such indication, the Credit shall be deemed to be revocable. 如無該項(xiàng)表示，信用證應(yīng)視為可以撤消的。 Only the Defects Liability Certificate referred to in Clause 62, shall be deemed to co

48、nstitute approval of the Works. 只有第62條規(guī)定中的缺陷責(zé)任書才能視為構(gòu)成對工程的批準(zhǔn)。,短語與詞組 be liable for, be liable to,Be liable for sth; be liable to sb.: be responsible in accordance with law. 應(yīng)負(fù)有責(zé)任。 A company may invest in other limited liability companies or companies limited by shares (有限責(zé)任公司或股份有限公司) and be liable to

49、the companies which it has invested in to the extent of the amount of capital invested in such companies. 公司可以向其他有限責(zé)任公司或股份有限公司投資，并以該出資額為限對所投資公司承擔(dān)責(zé)任。,短語與詞組 in Testimony Whereof,In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof, 以此為證，特立此證。 作為正式性的體現(xiàn)，該短語常常在合同結(jié)尾條款中使用，以鄭重其事，重申合同的嚴(yán)肅性、重要性；在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上起到承前啟后的作用，以引出結(jié)語。 In T

50、estimony Whereof, this Contract shall come into effect after the Contract in question is made and signed by the Parties hereto in duplicate, and either Party will hold one copy. 本合同由雙方代表簽字后生效，一式兩份，雙方各執(zhí)一份。,句型練習(xí),Part 2 Translate the following sentences into Chinese.,1. Once a contract is signed, it ha

51、s legal effect. Both parties have the obligation to fulfill the signed contract. 2. The parties who have signed the contract have no right to breach it. Both parties should take their reputations into account and try their best to execute the contract.,合同一旦簽訂，便具有法律效力。雙方均有義務(wù)去履行已簽訂的合約。,簽署合同的任何一方都無權(quán)違約。

52、雙方都應(yīng)該考慮自己的信譽(yù)并盡力去履行合同。,句型練習(xí),Settlement of disputes through negotiation is even more helpful than going to the court and it would be better for the businessmen to settle the disputes through friendly negotiation. Should the quality or weight be found not in conformity with that of the contract, the bu

53、yers are entitled to lodge a claim with the sellers. 5. Any amendment of the contract is subject to the assent of both parties in writing, otherwise the amendment will not come into force.,爭議通過協(xié)商解決會比上訴法庭更有用，對商人而言，通過友好協(xié)商解決糾紛會更好些。,如發(fā)現(xiàn)品質(zhì)和重量與合同規(guī)定不符，買方有權(quán)向賣方索賠。,修改合同必須經(jīng)過雙方書面同意，否則合同修改無效。,漢譯英句型練習(xí),1. If either of the parties involved _ (不履行本合同所規(guī)定的義務(wù)), it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses. 2. Both parties must duly _ _(履行并遵守上述合同的所有條款、條件及規(guī)定）. 3. The seller should not be responsible for _ _(因不可抗力致使賣方不能交貨或推遲交貨時間）. 4.The buyer