1、,Unit 1: Text A,Food Safety and Foodborne Illness 1. Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue. Governments all over the world are making their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts are in response to an increasing number of food safety problems and rising consumer concern

2、s.,食品安全和食源性疾病 1. 食品安全是一個越來越重要的公眾健康問題。針對日益增多的食品安全問題以及消費者對此的擔(dān)憂日益加劇，世界各地的政府部門都在努力改善食品安全。,Unit 1: Text A,2. Foodborne illnesses are defined as diseases, usually caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated with bacteria or parasites. Every person is at risk of foodborne illness.,2. 食源性疾病通常是因

3、食用或飲用被細菌或病原體污染的食物或飲料而引起的疾病。每個人都有可能患上食源性疾病。,Unit 1: Text A,3. Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem, both in developed and developing countries.,3. 不管是在發(fā)達國家，還是在發(fā)展中國家，食源性疾病都是一個普遍且不斷惡化的公共健康問題。,Unit 1: Text A,4. The global incidence of foodborne disease is difficult to es

4、timate, but it has been reported that in 2005 alone 1.8 million people died from diarrheal diseases. A great proportion of these cases can be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.,4. 雖然全球的食源性疾病發(fā)病

5、率很難估測，但是據(jù)報道，僅2005年一年就有180萬人死于腹瀉類疾病，其中大部分要歸咎于攝人了受污染的食物和飲用水。此外，腹瀉是導(dǎo)致嬰兒和幼童營養(yǎng)不良的主要原因。,Unit 1: Text A,5. In industrialized countries, the percentage of the population suffering from foodborne diseases each year has been reported to be up to 30%. In the United States of America (USA), for example, around

6、76 million cases of foodborne diseases, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year.,5. 據(jù)報道，在工業(yè)化國家，每年因感染食源性疾病的人口比例上升至30。比如說美國，每年大約有7600萬人感染食源性疾病，其中325000人接受住院治療，5000人死亡。,Unit 1: Text A,6. While less well documented, developing countries bear the main impa

7、ct of the problem due to the presence of a wide range of foodborne diseases, including those caused by parasites. The widespread diarrheal diseases in many developing countries suggest major underlying food safety problems.,6. 盡管發(fā)展中國家的檔案記載工作較為欠缺，事實上，它們深受食源性疾病之苦，原因在于多種食源性疾病，包括寄生蟲引發(fā)的疾病的大量存在。腹瀉類疾病在眾多發(fā)展

8、中國家的高發(fā)病率說明這些國家存在著重大的食品安全問題。,Unit 1: Text A,7. While most foodborne diseases are occasional and often not reported, foodborne disease outbreaks may take on massive proportions. For example, in 1994,an outbreak of salmonellosis due to contaminated ice cream occurred in the USA, affecting an estimated

9、224,000 persons. In 1988,an outbreak of hepatitis A, resulting from the consumption of contaminated clams, affected some 300, 000 individuals in China.,7. 大多數(shù)食源性疾病是偶發(fā)的，且常常未見諸報端，但是食源性疾病也可能大規(guī)模爆發(fā)。例如，1994年，在美國爆發(fā)的沙門桿菌病導(dǎo)致大約224000人感染，原因是食用了有問題的冰激凌。1988年，由于食用了受污染的毛蚶，中國爆發(fā)了甲肝，影響了大約30萬人。,Unit 1: Text A,8. Majo

10、r foodborne diseases are from microorganisms. Salmonellosis is a major problem in most countries. Salmonellosis is caused by the Salmonella bacteria. Examples of foods involved in outbreaks of salmonellosis are eggs, poultry and other meats, raw milk and chocolate. Campylobacteriosis is a widespread

11、 infection. It is caused by certain species of Campylobacter bacteria. And in some countries, the reported number of cases surpasses the incidence of salmonellosis.,8. 大部分食源性疾病是微生物導(dǎo)致的。在大多數(shù)國家，沙門桿菌是引發(fā)感染的主因。沙門桿菌病是由沙門氏菌引起的?？赡芤鹕抽T桿菌病的食物有：雞蛋、家禽肉和其他肉類、生牛奶以及巧克力。彎曲菌病是常見的傳染病，由某些種類的彎曲桿菌屬病毒引起。在有些國家，彎曲桿菌屬病毒的致病人數(shù)

12、超過了沙門桿菌的致病人數(shù)。,Unit 1: Text A,9. Food contamination creates an enormous social and economic burden on communities and their health systems. The re-emergence of cholera in Peru in 1991 resulted in the loss of US $500 million in fish and fishery product exports that year.,9. 食物污染給社區(qū)以及醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)造成了巨大的社會和經(jīng)濟負擔(dān)。

13、1991年在秘魯再次爆發(fā)的霍亂致使那年的魚類和漁業(yè)產(chǎn)品出口損失達5億美元。,Unit 1: Text A,10-1. The safety of food derived from biotechnology needs to be carefully assessed. To provide the scientific basis for decisions regarding human health, new methods and policies to assess such food need to be developed and agreed upon internation

14、ally. The assessment should consider health benefits as well as possible negative health implications.,10-1. 生物技術(shù)食品的安全性需要謹(jǐn)慎評估。為了給關(guān)乎人類健康的決策提供科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，國際社會需要制定和通過評估此類食品的新方式和新政策。評估應(yīng)該同時涵蓋食品對健康有益的方面和可能產(chǎn)生的負面作用。,Unit 1: Text A,10-2. Crops modified to resist pests, foods with allergens removed or food with an i

15、ncrease of essential nutrients are possible examples of the former, while antimicrobial markers in some genetically modified foods have been suggested to be an example of the latter.,10-2. 前者包括為抗蟲而改良的農(nóng)作物、去過敏原的食品和添加了必要營養(yǎng)素的食品，而某些基因改良食品的抗微生物標(biāo)記則屬于后者。,Unit 1: Text A,10-3 The weighing of potential risks a

16、nd benefits is an important aspect of assessment of foods derived from biotechnology that has not received much attention in the past. Likewise, clear communication of the basis for safety assessment in this area is generally lacking at national and international levels.,10-3. 對生物技術(shù)食品的潛在危害和益處的權(quán)衡是評估的

17、重要方面，這方面在過去未能得到足夠的重視。同樣，對于這個領(lǐng)域安全評估的基礎(chǔ)問題，在國內(nèi)和國際層面都缺乏溝通。,Unit 1: Text A,11. If not properly monitored and assessed, changes in animal husbandry practices, including feeding, may have serious implications for food safety. For example, increased use of ruminant bone and meat meal as feed supplement for

18、cattle appear to have played a role in the emergence of BSE.,11. 如果不能恰當(dāng)?shù)乇O(jiān)控和評估，那么畜牧業(yè)常規(guī)作業(yè)的改變，包括飼養(yǎng)方式的改變，都可能對食品安全造成嚴(yán)重的影響。例如，為牛群提供反芻動物的骨頭和肉類等補充性食物，是致使瘋牛病出現(xiàn)的一個原因。,Unit 1: Text A,12. Adding low levels of antibiotics to animal feed in order to increase growth rate has raised concern about the transfer of an

19、tibiotic resistance to human pathogens from this practice. 13-1. Modern intensive agricultural practices contribute to increasing the availability of affordable foodstuffs and the use of,12. 為加快動物生長速度而在它們的飼料里添加少量抗生素的做法也讓人擔(dān)心抗生素的耐藥性會從動物體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移到人類病原體上。 13-1 . 現(xiàn)代集中化農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式提高了價格合理的糧食作物的產(chǎn)量，食品添加劑的使用能夠改善食物供應(yīng)的質(zhì)量

20、、數(shù)量和安全性，增加供應(yīng)量。,Unit 1: Text A,13-2. food supply. However, appropriate controls are necessary to ensure their proper and safe use along the entire food chain. Pre-market review and approval followed by continuous monitoring are necessary to ensure the safe use of pesticides, veterinary drugs and food

21、 additives.,13-2. 然而，有必要對其加以適當(dāng)?shù)墓芸兀源_保它們在整條食物鏈中得到合理和安全的使用。上市前的審批和上市后的持續(xù)監(jiān)控對于確保安全使用殺蟲劑、獸藥和食品添加劑而言是必不可少的。,Unit 1: Text A,14-1. Other challenges, which need to be addressed to help ensure food safety, include the globalization of trade in food, urbanization, changes in lifestyles, international travel, e

22、nvironmental pollution, deliberate contamination and natural and manmade disasters.,14-1.其他的挑戰(zhàn)，例如食物貿(mào)易全球化、城市化、生活方式的改變、國際旅行、環(huán)境污染、蓄意污染以及自然和人為災(zāi)難等，都必須加以應(yīng)對，以保證食品安全。,Unit 1: Text A,14-2. The food production chain has become more complex, providing greater opportunities for contamination and growth of patho

23、gens. Many outbreaks of foodborne diseases that were once contained within a small community may now take on global dimensions.,(772 words),14-2. 隨著食品生產(chǎn)鏈越來越復(fù)雜，食品污染和病原體滋生的幾率也越來越大。曾經(jīng)被控制在小社區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的食源性疾病如今可能在全球爆發(fā)。,Unit 1: Text B,Eating Food Thats Better for You, Organic or Not By Mark Bittman 1. In the six

24、-and-one-half years since the federal government began certifying food as “organic,” Americans have taken to the idea with considerable enthusiasm.,Unit 1: Text B,1-2. Sales have at least doubled, and three-quarters of the nations grocery stores now carry at least some organic food. A Harris Poll in

25、 October 2007 found that about 30 percent of Americans buy organic food at least on occasion, and most think it is safer, better for the environment and healthier.,選擇健康飲食，不論有機與否 1. 自聯(lián)邦政府六年半前認(rèn)證“有機”食品以來，美國人以極大的熱情接受了這一概念。有機食品的銷售額至少翻了一倍，國內(nèi)四分之三的雜貨店都在出售有機食品。2007年10月的哈里斯民意調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，大約30的美國人至少會不時購買有機食品，而且絕大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為

26、它更安全、更有利于環(huán)境，也更健康。,Unit 1: Text B,2. “People believe it must be better for you if its organic,” says Phil Howard, an assistant professor of community, food and agriculture at Michigan State University. 3. So I discovered on a recent book tour around the United States and Canada.,2. 菲爾霍華德是密歇根州立大學(xué)研究社區(qū)、

27、食物和農(nóng)業(yè)方面的助理教授，他談到：“人們認(rèn)為有機食物一定更好。” 3. 最近我在美國和加拿大宣傳新書的途中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個問題。,Unit 1: Text B,4. No matter how carefully I avoided using the word “organic” when I spoke to groups of food enthusiasts about how to eat better, someone in the audience would inevitably ask, “What if I cant afford to buy organic food?” O

28、rganic food seems to have become the magic cure for all. When people think of eating it, they think they are eating well, healthily, reasonably, even morally.,4. 當(dāng)我對著一群熱衷飲食健康的觀眾講如何健康飲食時，無論我多么小心翼翼地避免使用“有機”這個詞，還是不可避 免地有人問：“如果我買不起有機食物怎么辦?”有機食物似乎成了治愈一切疾病的神奇妙方。每當(dāng)人們想到吃有機食物，他們會認(rèn)為自己吃得好，吃得健康，吃得合理，甚至吃得有道德。 ,U

29、nit 1: Text B,5. But eating “organic” offers no guarantee of any of that. And the truth is that most Americans eat so badly we get 7 percent of our calories from soft drinks, more than we do from vegetables; the top food group by caloric intake is “sweets”; and one-third of nations adults are now ob

30、ese that the organic question is a secondary one. Its not unimportant, but its not the primary issue in the way Americans eat.,5. 但吃“有機”食物并不能保證如此。事實上，大多數(shù)美國人的飲食方式是如此的糟糕了的卡路里是我們從軟飲料中獲取的，這比我們從蔬菜中獲取的熱量還要多；從“甜食”中獲取的卡路里則是最多的；國內(nèi)有三分之一的成年人目前存在過度肥胖的問題以至于有機食物成了次要因素。并非它不重要，而是它不是美國人飲食中的首要問題。,Unit 1: Text B,6. To

31、 eat well, says Michael Pollan, the author of In Defense of Food, means avoiding “edible food-like substances” and sticking to real ingredients, increasingly from the plant kingdom. (Americans each consume an average of nearly two pounds a day of animal products.) Theres plenty of evidence that both

32、 a persons health as well as the environments will improve with a simple shift in eating habits away from animal products and highly processed foods to plant products and what might be called “real food.”,6. “吃得好，”食物無罪的作者邁克爾波倫說，“意味著避免攝人可食用的類食品物質(zhì)，并堅持從蔬菜中獲取真正的營養(yǎng)成分的原則?！?平均每個美國人每天消費近兩磅的肉類產(chǎn)品。)有足夠的證據(jù)表明，只要

33、對飲食習(xí)慣做一個簡單的改變，即從以食用肉類食品和高度加工食品為主轉(zhuǎn)為以蔬菜類產(chǎn)品或可能被稱為“真正的食物”這樣的食品為主，就可以增進人類健康，改善居住環(huán)境。,Unit 1: Text B,7. From these changes, Americans would reduce the amount of land, water and chemicals used to produce the food we eat, as well as the incidence of lifestyle diseases linked to unhealthy diets, and greenhous

34、e gases from industrial meat production. 8. The governments organic program, says Joan Shaffer, a spokeswoman for the Agriculture Department, “is a marketing program that sets standards for what can be certified as organic.,7. 這樣的飲食變化使美國人得以減少用于生產(chǎn)食物的土地、水和化學(xué)品的使用量，同時也降低由于不健康的飲食而引發(fā)的與生活方式相關(guān)的疾病的發(fā)病率，降低由于大規(guī)

35、模生產(chǎn)肉類產(chǎn)品所排放的溫室氣體量。,Unit 1: Text B,8-2. Neither the enabling legislation nor the regulations address food safety or nutrition. ”People dont understand that, nor do they realize “organic” doesnt mean “l(fā)ocal.” “It doesnt matter if its from the farm down the road or from Chile,” Ms. Shaffer said. “As lon

36、g as it meets the standards, its organic.”,8 “政府的有機計劃，”農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)言人瓊謝弗說，“是為了推廣有機食物的認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。不論有機食品的立法或是法規(guī)都未涉及食品安全或營養(yǎng)問題。”但人們不明白這些，他們也沒有認(rèn)識到“有機”并不意味著“本土”?！盁o論食品是從離這條街不遠的農(nóng)場運來的還是從智利運來的，都沒關(guān)系，”謝弗女士說，“只要它符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就是有機食品?！?Unit 1: Text B,9. Hence, the organic status of salmon flown in from Chile, or of frozen vegetables gr

37、own in China and sold in the United States no matter the size of the carbon footprint left behind by getting from there to here.,9. 因此，從智利運到本地的鮭魚或是在美國出售的中國冷凍蔬菜都是有機的與食物從那里飛到美國留下的碳足跡的大小無關(guān)。,Unit 1: Text B,10. Today, most farmers who practice truly sustainable farming, or what you might call “organic in

38、 spirit,” operate on small scale, some so small that they cant afford the requirements to be certified organic by the government.,10. 如今，大多數(shù)真正實行可持續(xù)耕作的農(nóng)民，或者可以稱之為“在精神上有機”的農(nóng)民，都實行小規(guī)模經(jīng)營，有的小到連讓政府來認(rèn)證是否達到有機標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的費用都沒有。,Unit 1: Text B,11. But the organic food business is now big business, and getting bigger. Pr

39、ofessor Howard estimates that major corporations now are responsible for at least 25 percent of all organic manufacturing and marketing. In 2006, sales of organic foods and beverages totaled about $16. 7 billion, according to the most recent figures from Organic Trade Association.,11. 然而有機食品業(yè)現(xiàn)在是大規(guī)模產(chǎn)

40、業(yè)，而且還在日趨壯大?；羧A德教授估計，現(xiàn)在大公司所生產(chǎn)和銷售的有機食品超過了總量的25。據(jù)來自有機貿(mào)易協(xié)會的最新數(shù)據(jù)，2006年有機食品和飲料的銷售總額約為167億美元。,Unit 1: Text B,12. But the questions remain over how we eat in general. It may feel better to eat an organic Oreo than a conventional Oreo, but, says Marion Nestle, a professor at New York Universitys department of

41、 nutrition, food studies and public health, “Organic junk food is still junk food. ”,12. 但根本問題仍在于我們怎樣吃。人們可能會覺得吃有機的奧利奧比吃傳統(tǒng)的奧利奧要好，但紐約大學(xué)的營養(yǎng)、食品研究和公共健康系教授馬里昂內(nèi)斯特萊表示：“有機垃圾食品仍然是垃圾食品。”,Unit 1: Text B,13. Last week, Michelle Obama began digging up a patch of the South Lawn of the White House to plant an organic vegetable garden to provide food for the first family an