1、Grammar: adverbial clause of time,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。,I.when, while , as,可引導(dǎo),When I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine. While he was in prison , he wrote his first novel.,如果主句表示的是短暫動(dòng)作，從句用進(jìn)行時(shí)或延續(xù)性動(dòng)作狀態(tài)時(shí),when,while,as可互換。,II. 區(qū)別,1. as多用于口語(yǔ)中，引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，側(cè)重于兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有“當(dāng) 的時(shí)候”，“一邊一邊”或表示“隨著”的含義

2、,eg. He hurried home, looking behind as he went. As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct. As he grew older, he began to go deaf.,2. while常引導(dǎo)延續(xù)性動(dòng)作，表示的是一段時(shí)間,不是一點(diǎn)時(shí)間,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，相當(dāng)于during the time.,Please dont talk so loud while others are talking.,3. when 強(qiáng)調(diào)“特定時(shí)間”, 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生與主句動(dòng)作之前時(shí)用when，不可用wh

3、ile和as。,while還有對(duì)比的含義,有時(shí)也表示“盡管”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ),He likes pop music,while I am fond of folk music.,I can have a rest when I have finished my work.,All the lights went out when the clock struck twelve.,when還可做并列連詞,意為“那時(shí),這時(shí)”,相當(dāng)于and at this/that time,We are about to set off on our way when it suddenly began to ra

4、in.,I was walking on the street when I saw a tailors shop.,I had walked 20 miles when it started to rain.,as, while, when 用法總結(jié),都可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，且意思為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”但as和 while常強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)間 先后時(shí)只能用when。,2. when還可做并列連詞,意為“那時(shí),這時(shí)”,相當(dāng)于and at this/that time。且還可用于“hardly/scarcelywhen” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，意為“剛就”。,3. while 有時(shí)表示轉(zhuǎn)折或引導(dǎo)讓步

5、狀語(yǔ)，意為“然而”或 “盡管”。,4. as 用法很多，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)有時(shí)意為“一邊一邊” 或“隨著”。 也可做關(guān)系代詞用與定語(yǔ)從句中，還可意為 “盡管”“因?yàn)椤薄鞍凑铡钡龋龑?dǎo)讓步、原因、方式等 狀語(yǔ)從句。,Grammar 2: past perfect tense,過去的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，如果一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另一個(gè)動(dòng)作之前，發(fā)生在前的就用過去完成時(shí)，即“過去的過去”。,eg. When he reached the shop, it had already closed.,1. 在by,by the end of,by the time 后接某一表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí)。,He had copied the

6、 report three times by ten last night. By the end of last Friday, the project had already been completed.,We had hoped to catch the 8:00 bus, but found it gone.,3. no soonerthan., hardly/ scarcelywhen.中，前面用完成時(shí)，表示“剛就” / “一.就.”,They had hardly been seated when the bus started. I had no sooner finished

7、 the work than the light went out. I had scarcely closed the window when the storm came.,I had thought he had died.,2. 表示原計(jì)劃打算做某事而沒有辦成。 常用詞有: want,mean, plan,hope think ,suppose, expect etc.,此句式可以變成倒裝，時(shí)態(tài)不變。,Hardly had they been seated when the bus started. No sooner had I finished the work than the

8、light went out.,4. 在有before and after 的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，因?yàn)橛辛嗣鞔_的前后關(guān)系，主句可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。,The train left before he got there. I played computer games after I (had) finished my homework.,Exercises:,He was about to tell me the secret _someone patted him on the should.,A. As B. until C. while D. when,2. I arrived

9、late; I _ the road to be so icy.,wouldnt expect B. havent expected C. hadnt expected D. wasnt expecting,D,C,3. _ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.,A. While B. Since C. As D. If,A,4. I will go home _ I have finished my homework. A. until B. wh

10、en C. as D. while 5.By the end of last year, another new hospital _ . A. would be completed B. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed,B,D,6. Helen _ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ home. A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. h

11、ad left; would come 7. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _ father was away in Paris. A. as B. that C. during D. if,C,A,8. John and I _ friends for 8 years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _ each other a couple of times before that. A. had been;

12、have seen B. have been; have seen C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen 9. The new bridge _ by the end of this month. A. has been designed B. had been designed C. is designed D. will have been designed 10. _exercise I, we went to do another exercise. A. Having finished B. Finishing C. After f

13、inished D. When finishing,D,D,A,11. - What was the party like ? - Wonderful. Its years _ I enjoyed myself so much. A. after B. before C. when D. since 12. - Can I join your club, Dad? - You can when you _ a bit older. A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got 13. - How long has this booksho

14、p been in business? - _ 1932. A. After B. In C. From D. Since,D,A,D,14. _ you received the news? A. When was it that B. When was it C. When it was that D. When it was 15. At this time tomorrow _ over the Atlantic. A. were going to fly B. well be flying C. well fly D. were to fly 16. - What were you

15、doing when I phoned you yesterday evening? - I _ my homework and was starting to take a bath. A. had just finished B. was finishing C. have already finished D.was going to finish,A,B,A,16. The rest of money _ spent so far. A. was B. have been C. has been D. had been 17. - Did you remember to give Mary the money you ow