1、高命題點(diǎn)3 推理判斷本類考題解答錦囊 每篇文章都有一定的寫作目的，作者往往期待讀者讀了文章后知道應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣去做某些事情或按某種方式思考問題。這層意思通常并不是在文章申明確表達(dá)出來，而是隱含在文章之中。這就要求讀者在閱讀過程中去溝通外現(xiàn)的和內(nèi)含的，已述的和未述的含義。這就需要仔細(xì)的閱讀和認(rèn)真的思考，在通盤理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上去領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意，去掌握語言的微妙之處，真正欣賞和理解閱讀的東西；閱讀中的推論是很常見的，我們所讀的一切幾乎都可以做出程度不同的推論。 凡推斷出的內(nèi)容在文章中都沒有明確敘述，但卻暗含在文字之中。因此在進(jìn)行推斷時(shí)，必須以有關(guān)的文字部分作為推理的前提和依據(jù)。所謂推斷，指根據(jù)推測而加

2、以判斷；而推測總是根據(jù)已知的信息推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推理的有關(guān)文字部分可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精確的推斷，必須注意以下四點(diǎn)。 1細(xì)心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各個(gè)方面。 2分析已知的信息，用正確的觀點(diǎn)，借助于一些常識(shí)，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本質(zhì)。 3注意詞、句子的本義和與之有關(guān)的其他意義。 4根據(jù)己知信息，即短文或有關(guān)的文字部分，做出的推斷必須與作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的觀點(diǎn)取代作者的原意。 推理判斷往往包括數(shù)據(jù)事實(shí)推斷，常識(shí)推斷，邏輯結(jié)論以及推斷作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度、傾；向等幾種類型。 1數(shù)據(jù)事實(shí)推斷：這

3、種推斷常常針對某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié)。是比較簡單的推斷。首先在原文中找到據(jù)以推理的有關(guān)文字部分，對與數(shù)字有關(guān)的推斷，只需簡單推算，即可得出結(jié)果。對與事實(shí)有關(guān)的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。 例題： House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in Chelsea London, had risen in price since 1955: Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1

4、955,Jane Grey sold for 2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for 4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for 22,950. Now four years later. 1)The price of the house was as high in 1972 as in the yearJane Grey sold it. A. about ten times B. twice C. 150 percent D. fifteen times 2)Mrs Bo

5、wena Black made a prof it (利潤)of_. A. 2,900 B. 8,典型例題 7,典型例題 D. 18,典型例題Of all the tenants,who earned most? A. The Whites. B. Jane Grey. C. Mrs Black. D. Mr White. 4)When did Mrs Black buy the house? A. 1971. B. 1972 C. 1968. D. 1959 5)Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace A. for four years B. for

6、nine years C. between 1971 and 1972 D. before 19556)If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_. A28，000 B18，000 C30，000 D25，100 以上各題的推理前提均可在原文中找到。第1題的正確答案須從“In 1955，JaneGrey s典型例題2，000，”“inl972，the house is valued at30，000；”這兩句話推知，D項(xiàng)對。第2題的正確答案應(yīng)從“Mrs Bowena

7、 Black bought it for4，900and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for22，9500'得知D項(xiàng)對。第3題的正確答案應(yīng)從“Jane Grey sold for2，000 Mrs Bowena Black bought it for4，900 and so1d it nine years later to Bill andDreenWhitefOr22，950”推知，MrsBlack獲利最多。第4題須從“Mrs Bosena Blackand sold it nine yearsNOW four ye

8、ars later，inl972”得知Mrs Black是在1959年買的房子，故D項(xiàng)為正確答案。第5題可從“Inl955，Jane Grey so1d it for2，000”推知D項(xiàng)正確。第6題須從“Mrs Bowena Black4，900”“the house is valued at30，000”兩句話推知D項(xiàng)為正確答案。 2常識(shí)推斷：有些時(shí)候，文章里并沒有提供任何可據(jù)以推斷的材料，或雖有提供，但卻不足以推出正確的未知事實(shí)。這時(shí)便須根據(jù)平常積累的有關(guān)知識(shí)來進(jìn)行推斷。 例: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it

9、and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as ha

10、rd or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other mate rials, such as glass. Why do people put hot metal in water? A.

11、To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. B. To make it brittl 從文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”這一信息還不足以推出正確答案。然后根據(jù)物理常識(shí)，在制造各種工具時(shí)，往往采取淬火這一工藝，其目的是使金屬變硬以便制成鋒利的工具。即可推出選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。 3邏輯結(jié)論：這類推斷比前兩種困難得多。在閱讀過程中，讀者必須對文章的全部事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)作通盤考慮，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。結(jié)論是根據(jù)事實(shí)作出的惟一決定。

12、要想從一個(gè)句子，一個(gè)段落或一篇文章中得出正確的結(jié)論，讀者必須學(xué)會(huì)善于思考，不斷提高自己的邏輯思維能力。 例 Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first the ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river

13、widens and grows calm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however. The story suggests that tubing_. A. should not be done in moving water B. is done mainly by truck drivers C. costs a lot of money D. can be dangerous 根據(jù)文中內(nèi)容數(shù)百人乘坐著舊卡車，輪胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，顛簸而可怕，可推知這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)是十分危險(xiǎn)的。D項(xiàng)為正確答案。4推斷作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度，文章的語氣等：這

14、類推斷要求對論述對象持何種態(tài)度、思想傾向作出判斷。如作者對所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊成，還是反對，對記敘或描寫的人或事等是喜歡，或是厭惡；是同情或是冷漠。作者的這種態(tài)度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來，而往往隱含在字里行間，或者流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此要做好這類推斷須綜觀全文，掌握主題思想，并以此為推理的前提，還要注意文章的措辭，把握文章論述的基調(diào)。 例: Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if w

15、hat they say or do is OK, they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never

16、breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them? it is always'the fault of the buses or the airplanes. Mr Neff knows almost everything. He doesn't ask questions? he answers questions. He never says, "I don't know." I don't know Mm Neff. It seems

17、 that not many people know her. I sometimes wonder about her. Is she always right? Or maybe she is always wrong? Dces she often break dishes or miss buses?Does she have problems? I wonder. 1)Which of the following do you think gives the most important trait (特性) of Mr Neffs character? A. He is a ver

18、y wise man. B. He plans everything well. C. He is moral and upright. D. He is very satisfied with himself. 2)Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs Neff? A. She probably obeys her husband in everything. B. She probably feels very proud to be a help of her husband. C. She probably quarrel

19、s with her husband all the time. D. She probably feels very happy to have such a successful husband. 3)Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude towards Mr Neff? A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand. B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful. C. He feels pity for Mr Neff. D. He does not

20、 like Mr Neff. 以上各題的答案均沒有直接表述在短文里，必須從字里行間悟出作者的言外之意。本文記敘的是一位一貫正確的人Mr Neff。根據(jù)這一主題，可推知他對自己的一切都很滿意。第 1題選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。從Mr Neff事事正確，而Mr Neff又鮮為人知出發(fā)，可得出結(jié)論 Neff夫人在任何事情上都服從于她丈夫這一事實(shí)，故第2題A為正確項(xiàng)。盡管短文中沒有直接陳述作者對MrNeff這一人物的態(tài)度，但從主題思想和某些措辭中仍可悟出作者對Mr Neff很討厭這一事實(shí)。如作者在文章中一再使用“Never”，一詞，并還寫到Even if he does miss them，it is alw

21、ay Sthe fault of the buses of the airplanes”等來暗示他對Mr Neff的厭惡之情，故第3題D為正確答案。 在閱讀理解題中，有關(guān)針對段落或短文的特定細(xì)節(jié)、主題思想、常識(shí)，以及作者的寫作態(tài)度、目的等的推斷題，常見題型有：1. We can infer from the passage (paragraph, fact, example. ) that_. 2. The writer suggests that_. 3. From the passage (paragraph, story. ), we can tell_. 4. The passage

22、implies, but does not directly state that_. 5. We may conclude from the passage that_. 6. The writer's (author's) attitude toward is_. 7. The tone of the passage is_.高考最新熱門題1.(典型例題Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile isand, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinne

23、ss Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles west of its nearest neighour, ST. Helena,and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discov- ered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將)of the same name in 15典型例題settled in 1810, the isand belongs to Great Britain and has a population of few hundred. Coming in a close second-an

24、d often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land-is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around ther 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They

25、 had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. today, 2,000

26、 people live on the Chilean territory(智利領(lǐng)土). They share one street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day. 1. It can be learned from the text that the island of tristan da Cunha_. A. was named after its discoverer B. got its name from Holland settlers C. was named by the British gov

27、enment D. got its name from the Guinness Book of Records 2. Wich of the following is most famous for moai? A. Tristan da Cunha. B. Pitcairn Island C. Easter Island. D. St. Helena. 3. Which country does Easter Island belong to? A. Britain. B. Hollland. C. Portugal. D. Chile命題目的與解題技巧：本文的命題目的考查學(xué)生推理判斷能力

28、。做這類題的技巧在于：首先在原文中找到據(jù)以推理的有關(guān)文字部分，借助于一些常識(shí)，然后加以分析推理，最終作出判斷。 解析：本文介紹了TristandaCunha島的來歷，地理位置及人們的生活狀況。答案：1A 這是一道推斷題。從第一段第三句，這小島名字是以島嶼發(fā)現(xiàn)者的名字來命名的。 2C 這理一道細(xì)節(jié)推斷題，可從第二段、第三段，尤其是第三段第二句找到，Easterlsland(復(fù)活節(jié)島)是智利在南太平洋上的一個(gè)小島。3D 這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推斷題，可從第四段找到。請留意該段中的On Easter Sunday(在復(fù)活節(jié)上)，暗示了Easter Island (復(fù)活節(jié)島)。此外，該段有on the Chil

29、ean territory(智利領(lǐng)土)的字樣，就很容易判斷出該哪一個(gè)答案了。 2.(典型例題 Garmes will rock to the sound of a cancan dance this year when Moulin Rouge by the Australian director Baz Luhnnann opens the French film festival (電影節(jié)) in May. The musical stars Nicole Kidman as a singer, and John Leguizamo as the artist Henri de Toulo

30、use-Lautrec. It will be competing for the Paime d'Or, the festival's top prize. The festival runs to May 21. The American actor Tommy Lee Jones, 54, has married his longtime girlfriend. Dawn Maria Laurel, 36, in a private wedding in San Antonio. "It wasn't a big todo,' said Fred

31、 Biery, a U. S. District Judge who performed the service. He refused to discuss things further. "These are very private people," he said. Loretta Lynn is being treated for a very bad cold in Tennessee and will miss several appearances. The country singer, 65, was admitted to a hospital nea

32、r her home in Hurricane Mills. "She is in good condition, but the doctors are watching her closely," a spokeswoman said.The French-Algerian singer Enrico Macias was named a United Nations peace messenger. Enrico joins eight other people who act as goodwill envoys(使者) for the United Nations

33、, among them are the writer Elie Wiesel and the basketball player Magic Johnson. 1. We can learn from the text that Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is_. A. a figure in a film B. a dancer in a show C. a country singer D. a prize winner 2. We know from the text that_. A. Moulin Rouge won the top prize in a

34、film festival B. Loretta Lynn is under the doctors' care D. eight people serve as the UN goodwill envoys D. Fred Biery was Tommy Lee Jones's assistant 3. This text most probably appears in_. A. a book on film stars B. a film review in a magazine C. a newspaper D. a notice Passage 1 (典型例題 Giv

35、ing Back Fair Way The Westborough High School golf team had taken the of- ficial photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappoint- ed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough in- structor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. Th

36、ey were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won. "No one would have known, "said Woburn's instructor, Bob Doraru For Rota, it wasn't a difficult decision." The prize wasn't ours to take. '"Coin Stars""College students are lazy, but they also want

37、 to help" says University of Pennsylvania graduate Dana Hork. So she made it easy, placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins, and handing out cups to first-year students to keep in their rooms. Her" Change for Change" effort has collected $ 40,000 for charitie

38、s (慈善機(jī)構(gòu)) , which were decided upon by students. Never Forgotten A school in Massachusetts received a $ 9. 5 million check from Jacques LeBermuth But it took officials several days of digging to discover his connection to the school Records showed the LeBermuth came from Belgium and studied in the sc

39、hool in the 1920s. When his family fell on hard times, he was offered free room and board. LeBermuth became a trader, owned shares of AT&T and lived off the earnings until he died, at age 89. 1. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end? A. Took photos of Doran. B. Had a meeting with Doran. C. R

40、eturned the prize to the organizer. D. Apologized to Woburn High Schook 答案: C 指導(dǎo)：考查根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力。獲獎(jiǎng)隊(duì) 的教練自己發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤，而且決定這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)不能拿，那么接下來推斷肯定是要把獎(jiǎng)送回去。2. Greg Rota's decision shows that he was _. A. honest B. polite C. careful D. friendly 答案: A 指導(dǎo)：考查根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力。從Greg Rota自己發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤到?jīng)Q定把獎(jiǎng)送回，表明他性格中的誠實(shí)。因此答案為

41、honest3. The underlined word "Change" in the second paragraph means_. A. Idea B. Decision C. Cups D. Coins 答案: D 指導(dǎo)：考查猜測詞義的能力。Change for Change中的第一個(gè)change指的是“零錢”，第二個(gè)change是表示“變化”。兩個(gè)change在一起肯定意思不同，關(guān)鍵在于首先應(yīng)該明白change的不同含義，再根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行判斷。因?yàn)槟技牧沐X都捐給了慈善機(jī)構(gòu)，改變了其他一些人的生活。所以介詞for后面的change應(yīng)該是目的表“變化”，那么第一

42、個(gè)就是“零錢”。4. What did the school officials do after receiving the check from Mr. LeBermuth? A They tried to find out why he gave them the money. B. They went to Belgium to pay their respects to him. C. They dug out the records that were buried underground. D. They decided to offer their students free

43、room and board. 答案: A 指導(dǎo)：考查對文章事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的理解，依據(jù)是第三段文字的第二句話。 5. Jacques LBermuth gave the money to the school because_. A. the school asked for it B. he had no need for that much money C. the school had helped him in the past D. he wanted to be remembered by the students 答案: C 指導(dǎo)：考查根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力。學(xué)校在Jacque

44、s LeB-ermuth困難的時(shí)候幫助過他，所以他寄來950萬美元的支票回報(bào)學(xué)校。Pssage 2 (典型例題 It was an early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10-mile race over a course (路線) with a few high hills. Still, I felt energetic; despite the hills it was going to be a fine run. Ju

45、st ahead of me was Peggy Mimno, a teacher from Mount Kisco, New York. She too was running easily, moving along at my speed. The pace(步速) felt comfortable, so 1 decided to stay where I was; why pay attention to pace when she was setting such a nice one? I'd overtake (追上) her later on when she tir

46、ed. So I ran behind her. The course headed north for five miles, wandered west for a hilly mile, then turned south again along a winding road. The race was getting harder. We had four miles left and already it was beginning to be real work. Peggy overtook a young runner. She seemed to know him, for

47、they exchanged a few cheerful words as she passed him. Their exchange worried me. You don't chat during a race unless you are feeling good, and Peggy plainly was. Still, I was close enough to overtake her if she tired, so I didn't give up hope completely. We were getting nearer to a long pun

48、ishing hill now and it would be the test. We were a mile from the finish line, so whatever happened on the hill would almost certainly determine who crossed it first. As I moved up the hill, my attention wandered for a few minutes. When I looked up, Peggy was moving away-first five yards, then ten,

49、then more. Finally it was clear that there was no hope of catching her. She beat me soundly.There is an important lesson in that race. Women are thought to be weaker, slower and not nearly as skilled in sport. Yet as Peggy Mimno so clearly showed, the similarities between men and women runners are m

50、ore important than the differences. I have run with a number of women, and I can say that it is often hard work. 1. What did the writer think of the race in the beginning? A. It would be hard work. C. It would be an easy race. C. It would be a test of his strength. D. It would be a good learning exp

51、erience. 答案: B 指導(dǎo)：首先要審清題干，注意題干中的inthebeginning。 本文第一段、第二段中的一些詞如energetic，a fine run，running easily，comfortable等都反映出作者開始認(rèn)為這場比賽不會(huì)很難。2. What worried the writer when Peggy greeted the young runner? A. Peggy overtook the young runner. B. Peggy was running energetically. C. Peggy was laughing at the write

52、r. D. Peggy paid no attention to the writer. 答案: B 指導(dǎo)：由第四段倒數(shù)第一句"You don't chat during a race unless you are feeling good”可知作者認(rèn)為：你在比賽中聊天表示你感覺很好。而上句peggy恰恰在比賽中聊天反映出作者認(rèn)為Peggy在比賽中的感覺，作為Peggy的對手，他當(dāng)然很擔(dān)心。3. By saying" a long, punishing hill"(Paragraph 5) , the writer implies that_. A. Pe

53、ggy would fail to reach the hilltop B. men are more skilled at climbing hills C. overtaking Peggy would be easy D. climbing the hill would be a demanding task 答案: D 指導(dǎo)：下句中的test一詞，能夠反映作者當(dāng)時(shí)的感覺，所以D為最佳選項(xiàng)。4. What lesson does the writer learn from the race? A. Women are as good as men in sport. B. Women a

54、re better at climbing hills. C. He should have more training in a cross-country race. D. He should set a quicker pace at the beginning of a race.答案: A 指導(dǎo)：文章倒數(shù)第一段倒數(shù)第一、二句是做此題的關(guān)鍵句。Passage3 (典型例題 Deserts are found where there is little rainfall or where rain for a whole year falls in only a few weeks

55、9; time. Ten inches of rain may be enough for many plants to survive (存活) if the rain is spread throughout the year. If it falls within one or two months and the rest of the year is dry, those plants may die and a desert may form.Sand begins as tiny pieces of rock that get smaller and smaller as win

56、d and weather wear them down. Sand dunes (沙丘) are formed as winds move the sand across the desert. Bit by bit, the dunes grow over the years, always moving with the winds and changing the shape. Most of them are only a few feet tall, but they can grow to be several hundred feet high. There is, howev

57、er, much more to a desert than sand. In the deserts of the southwestern United States, cliffs (懸崖) and deep valleys were formed from thick mud that once lay beneath a sea more than millions of years ago. Over the centuries, the water dried up. Wind, sand, rain, heat and cold all wore away at the remaining rocks. The faces of the desert mountains are always