1、Unit 3Cultural Diversity第1頁，共22頁。Warm Up Friendships China: People are willing to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owned. U.S.: People value more individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, not willing to put themselves in others debt.第2頁，共22頁。Differ

2、ent Lands, Different Friendships In every country people value friendship. The difficulty is not a lack of appreciation of friendship, but different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.第3頁，共22頁。Who is a friend? What does a Frenchman mean when he says: “This is

3、my good friend.” “This is my friend.” Who is closer to him? Simple translation from one language to another is difficult.第4頁，共22頁。Friendships in comparison American friendships: superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring French friendships: are of the same sex, basically between men; dema

4、nds a keen awareness of the others intellect, temperament and interests; are compartmentalize; not part of family life German friendships: more a matter of feeling, have much to do with family English friendships: based on shared activities第5頁，共22頁。Common Elements in Friendships of Different Styles

5、Friendship, in contrast with kinship, is a matter of free choiceThe sense of being a special individualInevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take第6頁，共22頁。Some Tools for Comparing and Contrasting CulturesKluckhohn & Strodtbecks Model (PP. 85-89)Hofstedes Model (PP. 99-105)Halls High-Context & Low

6、-Context Cultures (PP. 110-115)第7頁，共22頁。Kluckhohn & Strodtbecks ModelFive basic orientations:Human nature: good / evil?Relationship of man to nature: Man subjugated by nature; Man in harmony with nature; Man the master of natureSense of time: past, present, or future-orientedActivity: being, growing

7、, or doingSocial relationships: authoritarian, group-oriented, or individualistic第8頁，共22頁。Hofstedes ModelFive dimensions:Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation第9頁，共22頁。Individualism versus collectivismT

8、he degree to which a culture relies on and has allegiance to the self or the groupIndividualism: e.g. Australia, Belgium, the Netherland, and the U.S.Collectivism: e.g. Guatemala, Indonesia, Pakistan, and China第10頁，共22頁。IndividualismIndividual: primary source of motivationIndependence, privacy, self

9、, and the all-important IHighly individualistic, believing that people are only supposed to take care of themselves, and perhaps their immediate familyDecision making: based on what is good for the individual, not for the groupDealing with interpersonal problems: confrontational strategies第11頁，共22頁。

10、CollectivismGroup: the most important social unitsGroup-oriented, requiring an absolute loyalty to the groupObligations to the group, dependence of the individual on organizations and institutions, a “we” consciousness, and an emphasis on belongingDecision making: based on what is best for the group

11、Dealing with interpersonal problems: avoidance, third-party intermediaries, or the other face-saving techniquesThe ingroup and the outgroup第12頁，共22頁。Hofstedes ModelUncertainty avoidance: the extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by es

12、tablishing more structurePower distance: the degree to which the culture believes that institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and the decisions of the power holders should be challenged or acceptedMasculinity versus femininity (achievement-nurturance): the degree to w

13、hich a culture values such behaviors as assertiveness and the acquisition of wealth or caring for others and the quality of lifeLong-term versus short-term orientation: time-orientation, a persons point of reference about life and work第13頁，共22頁。Halls High-Context & Low-Context CulturesHigh-Context C

14、ultures / Communication e.g. Japanese, Chinese, Korean culturesLow-Context Cultures / Communication e.g. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American cultures第14頁，共22頁。High-Context Communication or MessageMost of the information is in the context or internalized in the person;Very little is in in th

15、e coded, explicit part of the message;Communication patterns of indirect verbal mode;Listeners “read between the lines” to infer the implicit intent of the verbal message;Listeners need to observe the nonverbal nuancces and subtleties that accompany and enhance the verbal message;Stress the importan

16、ce of multilayered contexts 第15頁，共22頁。Low-Context Communication or MessageMost of the information is given in the explicit code;The context or situation plays a minimal role;Communication patterns of direct verbal mode;Speakers send clear, persuasive message that listeners can easily decodeimplicit

17、intent of the verbal message;Stress the importance of explicit verbal messages to convey personal thoughts, opinions, and feelings.第16頁，共22頁。Halls High-Context & Low-Context Cultures“I love you. Do you love me?” C: (blushing)You guess A: (smiling) I love you more.你問我愛你有多深 我愛你有幾分 你去想一想 你去看一看 月亮代表我的心第

18、17頁，共22頁。Case Study A New ProcedureMs. Cooper: The new tracking procedure hasnt worked, has it?Mr. Wong: There were some small problems.Ms. Cooper: Whose idea was it anyway?Mr. Wong: We need to learn from this lesson.Ms. Cooper: Yes. It came from Mr. Tungs division, didnt it?Mr. Wong: Many people wo

19、rked on this proposal.第18頁，共22頁。Case Study 9 Hierarchical structure in Japan:Depending mainly on seniority, social roles and genderPeople in lower positions should be loyal and obedient to authorityAmerican culture: people are encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions.第19頁，共22頁。Case Study 10 What is a company?The company in Japan: a big familyManager take care of employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves (even sacrifice their own interests) to the development of the companyThe company in France: a loosely-knit social organizationIndividu