1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。MBA專業(yè)術(shù)語匯總-MBA專業(yè)術(shù)語匯總AAbility-to-payprinciple能力納稅原則TheideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburdenAbsoluteadvantage絕對優(yōu)勢ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityAggregate-demandcurve總需求曲線Acurvetha

2、tshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyatanypricelevelAggregate-supplycurve總供給曲線AcurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellatanylevelAppreciation升值A(chǔ)nincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuyAu

3、tomaticstabilizers自動穩(wěn)定器ChangesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateactionAveragefixedcost平均固定成本FixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragerevenue平均收益TotalrevenuedividedbythequantitysoldAveragetaxrate平均稅率Totaltaxespaid

4、dividedbytotalincomeAveragetotalcost平均總成本TotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragevariablecost平均可變成本VariablescostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAccelerator加速數(shù)theeffectonGDPoftheincreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromanincreaseinoutput.Forinstance,thegreateroutputleadsafirmtobelievethatthedemandforitspr

5、oductswillriseinthefuture;theresultingincreaseininvestmentleadstogrowthinoutputandstillfurtherincreasesininvestment,acceleratingtheexpansionoftheeconomyAcquiredendowments后天稟賦resourcesacountrybuildsforitself,likeanetworkofroadsoraneducatedpopulationAdaptiveexpectations適應(yīng)性預(yù)期expectationsbasedontheextra

6、polationofeventsintherecentpastintothefutureaggregateexpendituresschedule總支出曲線acurvethattracesouttherelationshipbetweenexpenditures-thesumofconsumption,investment,governmentexpenditures,andnetexports-andthenationalincome,atafixedpricelevelantitrustlaws反托拉斯法lawsthatdiscouragemonopolyandrestrictivepra

7、cticesandencouragegreatercompetitionarbitrage套利theprocessbywhichassetswithcomparablerisk,liquidity,andtaxtreatmentarepricedtoyieldcomparableexpectedreturnsadverseselection逆向選擇principlethatsaysthatthosewhomostwanttobuyinsurancetendtobethosemostatrisk,butchargingahighpriceforinsurance(tocoverthehighri

8、sk)willdiscouragethoseatlessriskfrombuyinginsuranceatallasset資產(chǎn)anyitemthatislong-lived,purchasedfortheserviceitrendersoveritslifeandforwhatonewillreceivewhenonesellsitassistanceinkind實物援助publicassistancethatprovidesparticulargoodsandservices,likefoodormedicalcare,ratherthancashasymmetricinformation信

9、息不對稱asituationinwhichthepartiestoatransactionhavedifferentinformation,aswhenthesellerorausedcarhasmoreinformationaboutitsqualitythenthebuyerautonomousconsumption自主消費thatpartofconsumptionthatdoesnotdependonincomeaveragecosts平均成本thetotalcostsdividedbythetotaloutputaverageproductivity平均產(chǎn)量totalquantityd

10、ividedbythetotalquantityofinputBBenefitsprinciple受益原則TheideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservicesBond債券AcertificateofindebtednessBudgetconstraint預(yù)算約束ThelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanaffordBudgetdeficit預(yù)算赤字Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentr

11、eceiptsBudgetsurplus預(yù)算盈余Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendinbarrierstoentry進入障礙factorsthatpreventfirmsfromenteringamarket,suchasgovernmentrulesorpatentsbasiccompetitivemodel基本競爭模型themodeloftheeconomythatpullstogethertheassumptionsofself-interestedconsumers,profitmaximizingfirms,andperfe

12、ctlycompetitivemarketsbequestsavingsmotive儲蓄的遺產(chǎn)動機peoplesavesothattheycanleaveaninheritancetotheirchildrenBertrandcompetition伯特蘭競爭anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtokeepingtheirpricesfixedandthatcustomerscanbeluredawaybyofferinglowerpricesbilateraltrade雙邊貿(mào)易tradebetweentwopar

13、tiesboom繁榮aperiodoftimewhenresourcesarebeingfullyusedandGDPisgrowingsteadilyCCapital資本TheequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservicesCapitalflight資本外流AlargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountryCartel卡特爾AgroupoffirmsactinginunisonCatch-upeffect追趕效應(yīng)Thepropertythatcountriesthat

14、startoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythancountriesthatstartoffrichCentralbank中央銀行AninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomyCeterisparibus其它條件相同ALatinphrase,translatedasotherthingsbeingequal,usedasareminderthatallvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumed

15、tobeconstantCircular-flowdiagram循環(huán)流向圖AvisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsClassicaldichotomy古典二分法ThetheoreticalseparationofnominalandrealvariablesClosedeconomy封閉經(jīng)濟AneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworldCoasetheorem科斯定理Thepropositionthat

16、ifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirownCollectivebargaining集體談判TheprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemploymentCollusion勾結(jié)AnagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestochargeCommoditymoney商品貨幣Moneyt

17、hattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalueCommonresources共有資源GoodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludableComparableworth同工同酬AdoctrineaccordingtowhichjobsdeemedcomparableshouldbepaidthesamewageComparativeadvantage比較優(yōu)勢ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycostCompensatingwagedifferentia

18、l補償性工資差別AdifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobsCompetitivemarket競爭市場AmarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetakerComplements互補品Twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofonegoodleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheothergo

19、odConstantreturnstoscale規(guī)模收益不變Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchangesConsumerpriceindex消費物價指數(shù)AmeasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumerConsumersurplus消費者剩余AbuyerswillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypaysConsumption消費Spending

20、byhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousingCost成本ThevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagoodCost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析AstudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgoodCrowding-outeffect擠出效應(yīng)Theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatresultswhenexpansionaryfisc

21、alpolicyraisestheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestmentspendingCurrency通貨ThepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofthepublicCyclicalunemployment周期性失業(yè)Thedeviationofunemploymentfromitsnaturalratecapitalgain資本增值theincreaseinthevalueofanassetbetweenthetimeitispurchasedandthetimeitissoldcapitalmarket資本市場themarke

22、tinwhichsavingsaremadeavailabletoinvestorscategoricalassistance分類幫助publicassistanceaimedataparticularcategoryofpeople,liketheelderlyorthedisabledcausation因果關(guān)系relationshipthatresultswhenanchangeinonevariableisnotonlycorrelatedwithbutactuallycausesthechangeinanotheronecentralplanning中央計劃thesysteminwhi

23、chcentralgovernmentbureaucrats(asopposedtoprivateentrepreneursorevenlocalgovernmentbureaucrats)determinewhatwillbeproducedanhowitwillbeproducedcentralization集權(quán)organizationalstructureinwhichdecisionmakingisconcentratedatthetopcentrallyplannedeconomy中央計劃經(jīng)濟aneconomyinwhichmostdecisionsaboutresourceallo

24、cationaremadebythecentralgovernmentcertificateofdeposit(CD)存單accountinwhichmoneyisdepositedforapresetlengthoftime,thatmustyieldaslightlyhigherreturntocompensateforthereducedliquiditycircularflow循環(huán)流程howfundsmovethroughthecapital,labor,andproductmarketsbetweenhouseholds,firms,thegovernment,andtheforei

25、gnsectorclassicaleconomists古典經(jīng)濟學家economistsprevalentbeforetheGreatDepressionwhobelievedthatthebasiccompetitivemodelprovidedagooddescriptionoftheeconomyandthatifshortperiodsofunemploymentdidoccur,marketforceswouldquicklyrestoretheeconomytofullemploymentclassicalunemployment古典失業(yè)unemploymentthatresults

26、fromtoo-highrealwages;itoccursinthesupplyconstrainedequilibrium,sothatrightwardsshiftsinaggregatesupplyreducethelevelofunemploymentcompetitiveequilibriumprice競爭性均衡價格thepriceatwhichthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedareequaltoeachotherconsumerprotectionlegislation消費者保護法lawsaimedatprotectingcons

27、umers,forinstancebyassuringthatconsumershavemorecompleteinformationaboutitemstheyareconsideringbuyingconsumersovereignty消費者權(quán)益theprinciplethatholdsthateachindividualisthebestjudgeofwhatmakeshimbetteroffconsumptionfunction消費函數(shù)therelationshipbetweendisposableincomeandconsumptioncontingencyclauses應(yīng)變條款st

28、atementswithinacontractthatmakethelevelofpaymentortheworktobeperformedconditionaluponvariousfactorscorporateincometax公司所得稅ataxbasedontheincome,orprofit,receivedbyacorporationcorrelation相關(guān)relationshipthatresultswhenachangeinonevariableisconsistentlyassociatedwithachangeinanotheronecost-pushinflation成

29、本推動型通貨膨脹inflationwhoseinitialcauseisariseinproductioncostsCournotcompetition古諾競爭anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtoacertainlevelofproductionandthatrivalswillreducetheirpricesasneededtosellthatamountcredentialscompetition文憑競爭thetrendinwhichprospectiveworkersacquirehighereduc

30、ationalcredentials,notsomuchbecauseofanythingtheyactuallylearnintheprocessbuttoconvincepotentialemployerstohirethembysignalingthattheywillbemoreproductiveemployeesthanthosewithweakercredentialscreditconstrainteffect信貸約束效應(yīng)whenpricesfall,firmsrevenuesalsofall,butthemoneytheyowecreditorsremainsunchange

31、d;asaresult,firmshavefewerfundsoftheirowntoinvest.Becauseofcreditrationing,firmscannotmakeupthedifference;accordingly,investmentdecreasescreditrationing信貸配給creditisrationedwhennolenderiswillingtomakealoantoaborrowerortheamountlendersarewillingtolendtoborrowersislimited,eveniftheborroweriswillingtopa

32、ymorethanotherborrowersofcomparableriskwhoaregettingloanscrosssubsidization交叉補貼thepracticeofcharginghigherpricestoonegroupofconsumersinordertosubsidizelowerpricesforanothergroupDDeadweightloss無謂損失ThereductionintotalsurplusthatresultsfromataxDemandcurve需求曲線Agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoo

33、dandthequantitydemandedDemanddeposits活期存款BalancesinbankaccountsthatdepositorscanaccessondemandbywritingacheckDemandschedule需求表AtablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedDepreciation貶值A(chǔ)decreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuyDepression

34、蕭條AsevererecessionDiminishingmarginalproduct邊際產(chǎn)量遞減ThepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreasesThepropertythatthemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreasesDiminishingreturns收益遞減Thepropertythatthebenefitfromanextraunitofaninputdeclinesasth

35、equantityoftheinputincreasesDiscountrate貼現(xiàn)率TheinterestrateontheloansthattheFedmakestobanksDiscouragedworkers喪失信心的工人IndividualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookingforajobDiscrimination歧視Theofferingofdifferentopportunitiestosimilarindividualswhodifferonlybyrace,ethnicgroup,sex,age,orotherpersonalch

36、aracteristicsDiseconomiesofscale規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreasesDominantstrategy優(yōu)勢戰(zhàn)略Astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayersdebt債務(wù)capital,suchasbondsandbankloans,suppliedtoafirmbylenders;thefirmpromisestorepay

37、theamountborrowedwithinterestdecentralization分權(quán)化organizationalstructureinwhichmanyindividualsorsubunitscanmakedecisionsdecisiontree決策樹adeviceforstructureddecisionmakingthatspellsoutthechoicesandpossibleconsequencesofalternativeactionsdeficitspending赤字支出thesituationthatexistswhengovernmentexpenditure

38、saregreaterthanrevenuesdeflation通貨緊縮apersistentdecreaseinthegenerallevelofpricesdemand-constrainedequilibrium受需求約束的平衡theequilibriumthatoccurswhenpricesarestuckatalevelabovethatatwhichaggregatedemandequalsaggregatesupplyatthecurrentpriceleveldemand-pullinflation需求拉動型通貨膨脹inflationwhoseinitialcauseisag

39、gregatedemandexceedingaggregatesupplyatthecurrentpriceleveldemographiceffects人口效應(yīng)effectsthatarisefromchangesincharacteristicsofthepopulationsuchasage,birthrates,andlocationderegulation放松管制theliftingofgovernmentregulationstoallowthemarkettofunctionmorefreelydevaluation貶值areductionintherateofexchangeb

40、etweenonecurrencyandothercurrenciesunderafixedexchangeratesystemdevelopedcountries發(fā)達國家或工業(yè)化國家thewealthiestnationsintheworld,includingWesternEurope,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,Australia,andNewZealanddiminishingmarginalutility邊際效用遞減theprinciplethatsaysthatasanindividualconsumesmoreandmoreofagood,eachs

41、uccessiveunitincreasesherutility,orenjoyment,lessandlessdividends股息thatportionofcorporateprofitspaidouttoshareholdersdownwardrigidityofwages工資下降剛性thesituationthatexistswhenwagesdonotfallquicklyinresponsetoashiftinthedemandorsupplycurveforlabor,resultinginanexcesssupplyoflabordualeconomy二元經(jīng)濟thesepara

42、tioninmanyLDCsbetweenanimpoverishedruralsectorandanurbansectorthathashigherwagesandmoreadvancedtechnologyduopoly雙頭壟斷anindustrywithonlytwofirmsdurablegoods耐用品goodsthatprovideaserviceoveranumberofyears,suchascars,majorappliances,andfurnituredynamicconsistency動態(tài)一致性apolicyissaidtohavedynamicconsistencyw

43、hengovernmentannouncesacourseofactionandthenhastheincentivestoactuallycarryoutthatpolicyEEconomics經(jīng)濟學ThestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresourcesEconomiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreasesEfficiency效率Thepropertyofaresourceallocationofmaximizingthet

44、otalsurplusreceivedbyallmembersofsociety;ThepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesEfficiencywages效率工資Above-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaseworkerproductivityEfficientscale有效規(guī)模ThequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcostElasticity彈性Ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquan

45、titydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminantsEquilibrium均衡AsituationinwhichsupplyanddemandhavebeenbroughtintobalanceEquilibriumprice均衡價格ThepricethatbalancessupplyanddemandEquilibriumquantity均衡數(shù)量ThequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedwhenthepricehasadjustedtobalancesupplyanddemandEquity平等The

46、fairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthevariousbuyersandsellers;ThepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsocietyExcessdemand超額需求AsituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysuppliedExcesssupply超額供給AsituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemandedEx

47、cludability排他性ThepropertyofagoodthatapersoncanbepreventedfromusingitExports出口Goodsandservicesthatareproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad;GoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadExternality外部性Theimpactofonepersonsactionsonthewell-beingofabystandereconomicrents經(jīng)濟租金paymentsmadetoafactorthatareinexcessofwhat

48、isrequiredtoelicitthesupplyofthatfactorefficiencywagetheory效率工資理論thetheorythatpayinghigherwages(uptoapoint)lowerstotalproductioncosts,forinstancebyleadingtoamoreproductivelaborforceeconomiesofscope范圍經(jīng)濟whatexistswhenitislessexpensivetoproducetwoproductstogetherthanitwouldbetoproduceeachoneseparatelye

49、fficientmarketstheory有效市場理論thetheorythatallavailableinformationisreflectedinthecurrentpriceofanassetelasticityoflaborsupply勞動供給彈性thepercentagechangeinlaborsuppliedresultingfroma1%changeinwagesequity,shares,stock股票termsthatindicatepartownershipofafirm,whichthefirmsellsinordertoraisemoney,orcapitalequ

50、itycapital股份資本capital,suchasshares(orstock),suppliedtoafirmbyitsowners(shareholders);thereturnsreceivedbytheownersarenotguaranteedbutdependonhowwellthefirmdoesexchangeefficiency交換的效率theconditioninwhichwhatevertheeconomyproducesisdistributedamongindividualsinanefficientwayexchangerate匯率therateatwhich

51、onecurrency(suchasdollars)canbeexchangedforanother(suchasmarks,yen,orpounds)excisetax貨物稅ataxonaparticulargoodorserviceexpectedreturn預(yù)期收益theaveragereturn-asinglenumberthatcombinesthevariouspossiblereturnsperdollarinvestedwiththechancesthateachofthesereturnswillactuallybepaidexport-ledgrowth出口導向型增長the

52、strategythatgovernmentshouldencourageexportsinwhichthecountryhasacomparativeadvantagetostimulategrowthFFactorsofproduction生產(chǎn)要素TheinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservicesFederalReserve(Fed)聯(lián)邦儲備ThecentralbankoftheUnitedStatesFiatmoney法定貨幣MoneywithoutintrinsicvaluethatisusedasmoneybecauseofgovernmentdecreeF

53、inancialintermediaries金融中介機構(gòu)FinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscanindirectlyprovidefundstoborrowersFinancialmarkets金融市場FinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectlyprovidefundstoborrowersFinancialsystem金融體系Thegroupofinstitutionsintheeconomythathelptomatchonepersonssavingwithanotherpersonsin

54、vestmentFishereffect費雪效應(yīng)Theone-for-oneadjustmentofthenominalinterestratetotheinflationrateFixedcost固定成本CoststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproducedFractional-reservebanking部分準備金銀行體系A(chǔ)bankingsysteminwhichbanksholdonlyafractionofdepositsasreservesFreerider搭便車者Apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbut

55、avoidspayingforitfactordemand要素需求theamountofaninputdemandedbyafirm,giventhepriceoftheinputandthequantityofoutputbeingproduced;aninputwillbedemandeduptothepointwherethevalueoftheinputsmarginalproductequalsthepriceoftheinputfederalgovernmentstructure聯(lián)邦政府結(jié)構(gòu)asysteminwhichgovernmentactivitytakesplaceatse

56、verallevels-national,state,county,city,andothersfirmwealtheffect廠商的財富效應(yīng)lowerpricesorlowerdemandcausefirmsprofitsandnetworthtofall,andthismakesthemlesswillingtoundertaketherisksinvolvedwithinvestmentfiscalpolicies財政政策policiesthataffectthelevelofgovernmentexpendituresandtaxesfixedexchangeratesystem固定匯

57、率體系anexchangeratesysteminwhichthevalueofeachcurrencyisfixedinrelationshiptoothercurrenciesflexibleexchangeratesystem浮動匯率體系asysteminwhichexchangeratesaredeterminedbymarketforces,thelawofsupplyanddemand,withoutgovernmentinterferencefixedoroverheadinputs不變投入或分攤投入inputsthatdonotchangedependingonthequant

58、ityofoutput,atleastovertheshorttermflowstatistics流量統(tǒng)計measurementsofacertainrateofquantityperperiodoftime,suchasGDP,whichmeasuresoutputperyearfull-employmentdeficit充分就業(yè)赤字thebudgetdeficitthatwouldhaveprevailediftheeconomywereatfullemployment,thuswithhighertaxrevenuesandlowerpublicassistanceexpenditure

59、sfull-employmentoutput/potentialoutput充分就業(yè)產(chǎn)出或潛在產(chǎn)出thelevelofoutputthatwouldprevailiflaborwerefullyemployed(outputmayexceedthatlevelifworkersworkmorethanthenormallevelofovertime)GGDPdeflator平減指數(shù)AmeasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100Gametheory博弈理論Thestudyofhowpeoplebeh

60、aveinstrategicsituationsGiffengood吉芬物品AgoodforwhichanincreaseinthepriceraisesthequantitydemandedGrossdomesticproduct(GDP)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值ThemarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftimeGrossnationalproduct(GNP)國名生產(chǎn)總值Themarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedbypermanentr