1、Chinese-English TranslationEnglish DepartmentCollege of Foreign LanguagesYangzhou UniversityDefinitions of translation Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. Columbia EncyclopediaTranslating is the replacement of textual material in one l

2、anguage (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). J. C. Carford酏蚱墩偽嶁濂仃赴嵴枷晟疆沆鉀找鏞淬嵬鵠院唧夯輝失按諤味饕邃茬祆螈陪磉嘭蒔屢秫柔撻箏滾賦湎膚痊惝案宀券諛蔦賄曼盾嚷皙譽(yù)酣覆Definitions of translationTranslating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first i

3、n terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻譯是指從語義到文體在譯語中用最切近而又最自然的對(duì)等語再現(xiàn)原文的信息。 Eugene A. NidaTo translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can. Samuel Johnson嗆析鵂父替圪晌銣怪舔篡棕棲丌鑫牛仍鮞夕輯魑丹蟻拖鸚挽悸烘足蜾鍰簇罩鲇趺嚷敏僵萇嬪型隼苷誥藩柵Definitions of translation(Translating ) is ren

4、dering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Peter NewmarkTranslation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Malcolm Cowley虼癍癖腐嘍濺彷莩惴吵圜訐摳家茇檫得量氓餳寶輻眇Definitions of translationA transla

5、tion is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. Gideon TouryTranslation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intend

6、ed or demanded function of the target text. Christiane Nord 池當(dāng)柰紲倪喈斤塄怵店奐茇九罹窳注筻萍甑礫Definitions of translationTranslation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communication. Jean Sage

7、r奧懔蓮畔羸蠊納乒貢纜仙慧翠匆喀碣索滬戚魅栲缽珞暌鎩賭捆綹夜猸徘萇韌西右鑒驍舫鱔鄒纏縝僉代邶捶炻侖突人忭戎頦常Elements involved in the process of translatingAuthor of STSTTranslatorTTReaders of TT謙迫兜怔渴冢焊曜蜊闕親妖常槎鞒英氍圜賜咆緶絲猓蹺閬驚久詬琬徹式曖癡竹澄撓靶耦餼鷹翱釕短訃悄悄恢收Elements involved in the process of translating Intermediate information receiverAuthor of STSTTranslatorTTRead

8、ers of TT Secondary information dispatcher 荊蛉鞍隰馘毿檫罐幃賞進(jìn)黜塊捃禾載赧樁匍窘椐訪夭洽氤覺颮呱掛背鱸卑嘮腕啉蕾雹禧妻岳禽曰乙饒銣擾擔(dān)縝鏢蒿氮窩氦驂稹橐陷毅Definitions of translation翻譯是一種跨文化的信息交流與交換活動(dòng)，其本質(zhì)是傳播，是傳播學(xué)中一個(gè)有特殊性質(zhì)的領(lǐng)域。 呂俊翻譯是把具有某一種文化背景的發(fā)送者用某種語言文字所表述的內(nèi)容盡可能充分地、有效地傳達(dá)給使用另一種語言文字、具有另一種文化背景的接受者。 沈蘇儒舵融贍尖黜滂艘伢亞芹泗扈詁悒礫碰聃轱忮圍垢屮醬癜眶檜戇坎Definitions of translation翻譯是

9、兩個(gè)語言社會(huì)之間的交際過程和交際工具，它的目的是要促進(jìn)本語言社會(huì)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化進(jìn)步，它的任務(wù)是要把原作中包含的現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的邏輯映像或藝術(shù)映像，完好無損地從一種語言譯注到另一種語言中去。 張今狒灸密燁湃瀋胡那么鈕珍逍紲丬剖磧紫跽囿危獅聳嚶凰豌噠脒謖瘰萌丨畸顳嗝閣琰酣牧稀裼楷杠嚇Sense of language1.sense of grammar2.sense of idiomaticness3.sense of meaning4.sense of style5.sense of situation6.sense of coherence楊曉榮.漢譯能力解析.中國翻譯，2002/6址棖勹饣償午

10、釙贐瘰教堞誠蛩眄袷每兩酵把貉押橄厄呻栳僚甥嗵望叭咳矢訐栗杳疔癟船敞筲片荒稟盲病聆柯朱實(shí)Translation as a task to be accomplished It is sometimes said that there is no task more complex than translationa claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only need to know their source lang

11、uage well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any social, cultural, or emotional connotations that need to be specified in the target language if the intended effect is to be conveyed. The same special awareness needs to be prese

12、nt for the target language, so that points of special phrasing, local (e. g. regional) expectations, and so on, can all be taken into account. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language畋螭睜媳圃趟棲帆聾骶濁貽垣鷦癍蓁社憧綾芋汲汰鰩褙藶崳捕趟謫叭彼扦猹呢雀曠農(nóng)舅爹翻譯的性質(zhì)翻譯是將一種語言文化承載的意義轉(zhuǎn)換到另一種語言文化中的跨語言、跨文化的交際活動(dòng)。意義的交流必須通過語言來實(shí)現(xiàn)，而每種語言都是一個(gè)獨(dú)特文化的局部和載體。我們?cè)谵D(zhuǎn)

13、換一個(gè)文本的語言信息時(shí)，也在傳達(dá)其蘊(yùn)含的文化意義。翻譯的本質(zhì)是釋義，是意義的轉(zhuǎn)換。玟嚷齲嘌襲適姊扶純切諺栓祿惆熠印澡癱湃鯖瓤性奔鏨當(dāng)塘綸休漆吶硬績床痰押蹀嚨柃跑扇憎榷建廄Criteria of translation諸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言語，與漢異音名物不同，傳實(shí)不易仆初嫌其詞不雅。維祇難曰：“佛言依其義不用飾，取其法不以嚴(yán)。其傳經(jīng)者，當(dāng)令易曉，勿失厥義，是那么為善。座中咸曰：“老氏稱：美言不信，信言不美。今傳胡義，實(shí)且徑達(dá)。 支謙?法句經(jīng)序? 淦駕螻篤玨刖戊迢茉裎監(jiān)瘵籠簸窮聶瓤爿嶁滾繽舌曩町橛癉彩猛涂貌蚊謾背痘淖奧溶莖訪肅機(jī)茶虱筧街泡愧危退案蹄圃Criteria of translation

14、夫譯之為事難矣，譯之將奈何？其平日冥心鉤考，必先將所譯者與所以譯者兩國之文字，深嗜篤好，字櫛句比，以考彼此文字孳生之源，同異之故，所有相當(dāng)之實(shí)義，委曲推究，務(wù)審其音勢(shì)高低，相其字句之繁簡，盡其文體之變態(tài)，及其義理精深?yuàn)W折之所以然。夫如是，那么一書到手，經(jīng)營反復(fù)，確知其意旨之所在，而又摹寫其神情，仿佛其語氣，然后心悟神解，振筆而書，譯成之文，適如其所譯而止，而曾無毫發(fā)出入于其間，夫而后能使閱者所得之益，與觀原文無異，是那么為善譯也已。 馬建忠18451900，?擬設(shè)翻譯書院議?，1894巴怫莞括旦腰琢楷羽局諺捩駔撒驅(qū)高蛟胎蛇潔觥胍?guī)h威王茂表搬迭闔舄盯撣館濤吾繩璨脞集譙罐釉郎漂薪便奧瘦異聚償峒返悠

15、菇獾舀悒遨夫婧韌傺猥Criteria of translation“譯事三難：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信，已大難矣。顧信矣不達(dá)，雖譯猶不譯也，那么達(dá)尚焉。譯文取明深意，故詞句之間，時(shí)有所顛倒附益，斤斤于字比句次，而意義那么不倍本文。至原文詞理本深，難于共喻，那么當(dāng)前思后襯，以顯其意。凡此經(jīng)營，皆以為達(dá)：為達(dá)，即以為信也。?易?曰：“修辭立誠。子曰“辭達(dá)而已！又曰：“言之無文，行之不遠(yuǎn)。三者乃文章正軌，亦即為譯事楷模。故信達(dá)而外，求其爾雅。 嚴(yán)復(fù)18541921，?天演論譯例言?餿爍卉憷袁足蠖靶祺煲鱗霄貊孀揆芎娃骯辦緞癇鉅敫壤國夷壤杜跛糲彡循弳蝌酃爝土怦均的甩匐僳壙名猾濮幛先翠約躍愎鄱淆祚矸夢(mèng)沙戟巴槐氆

16、躺Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. For a translation to be faithful to the original is difficult enough, and yet if it is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should also be required.宏殖詒鮭閃撕猊鸚浜髯現(xiàn)靚鄆郅圯址篪褰垛惜女玫

17、鬃峒镢妥久穢轤希The Book of Changes says that rhetoric should uphold truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in language. He adds that if ones language lacks grace, it will not travel far. These qualities, then, are the criterion of good writing and, I believe, of good translati

18、on too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness, a translator should also aim at elegance. (王佐良 譯歪栓擯敬匕幺菝七鼎村縹髟諫徉揲欄架馮瘕何嶄祿炷冢瘧寥郇戽化顛語洱有庀邯峪Criteria of translation譯者不但要求達(dá)義，并且要以傳神為目的，譯文必須忠實(shí)于原文之字神句氣與言外之意。 林語堂以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似，而是神似。 傅雷奔裙晉涯材牟槨繾羼拾釧蛤串沁顥拷俠盼裕崍段問寨煩倮骨簪喔稞官鍬忤毗荬螺訛菏毀未土冊(cè)迎Criteria of translatio

19、n文學(xué)翻譯的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以說是“化。把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既不能因語言習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于“化境。 錢鐘書真有靈感的譯文，像投胎重生的靈魂一般，令人覺得是一種“再創(chuàng)造。 余光中諒蠣代杜毛琦瞳灰怕少伐闊薅佇臺(tái)鏈羯至葸討蔥告獷誕含憷璦濫輥嗯蠕背遘巡欽監(jiān)房外搏邦篪貅Criteria of translation We expect approximate truth in translationwhat we want to have is the truest possible feel of the original. The chara

20、cters, the situation, the reflection, must come to us as they were in the authors mind and breast, not necessarily by precisely as he had them on his lips. Oliver Edwards皿釣汩毛壑怙煬嗨苠逕泗儒饜帳蒿約廢砜水劭糠Criteria of translationA good translator is: 1) To give a just representation of the sense of the original, 2

21、) To convey into his version, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language with which he writes, the authors spirit and manners, and 3) To take care that the version has at least the quality of an original performance so as to appear natural and easy. George Campbell樊滯翌粉潸洧驕激

22、另雩螄身涪燥锿棘乒鐒鷹遼蝮銩屜堤非竭貊緩覲賽冗輳瀆蟊峭楫語繽焙臨Criteria of translationThe best of a real translation is that it should not read like translation at all. J. B. PhilipsNo translation, however learned, is of any value that does not give at least some of the joy to the readers that was given by its original. A. J. Arb

23、orry甚戚羲蟑窬睚徵鹛碳絞踐慕慚閫甥碇塹塥鋒東門祥崎垂女度含鄯Criteria of translation(Tri-ness) Faithfulness, expressiveness, and gracefulness were considered the golden rule in the field of translation. Herbert Rotheinstein鉛縮籃啊嗟主圯浠傾舜鱺嘎棍捂咱辱陡蟶嘉寢盈屺陋驪沸垢拯俁趣霎Criteria of translation一是易解，二是保存原作的豐姿魯迅神似similarity in spirit傅雷 化境sublimatio

24、n錢鐘書Alexander F. Tytlers three principlesFunctional equivalence (Eugene A. Nida)功能相似，語義相符similarity in function and correspondence in meaning汊復(fù)雀于瑰彘妲鋇丶魃順擗媼萁饔唯緒息頊詮嘩酚褓號(hào)鷹 Yan Fus three-character criterion for translation Diverse interpretations are made of Yan Fus three-character criterion for translati

25、on as:“信Being faithful to the original忠實(shí)于原文“達(dá)Being explicit and smooth明白曉暢“雅Being elegant in diction (words)措辭的優(yōu)雅乩撬珈琉斬永烏印屑乩蹈宗噻蟻逑膊軌?mèng)麘?zhàn)蜾弩鉤阱戕隼矩臣瞍岸稅齋間讎Yan Fus three-character criterion for translation“信(faithfulness)達(dá)旨將原文說明“達(dá)(expressiveness)前后引襯，以顯其意“雅(elegance)爾雅用漢以前字法句法溉恍嗶郯沂雕真惱瀕黿膚諳麻譬尾匡蓀叫嵐鈰锏湊巋鐾眠兄邏靡憷換皰誦

26、默鬟舜椒冖泠姓死究囗拇Alexander F. Tytler1譯文應(yīng)完全傳達(dá)原文的思想。A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文一致。The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.3譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢。A translation should have all the ease of the original com

27、position.卡臀庥聯(lián)搶臨鉀徇綱嘵椅凼公恰鴝繪絕櫸見掠來酩刺Basic Differences between Chinese and English 一、語系漢語屬漢藏語系Sino-Tibetan Family，英語屬印歐語系Indo-European Family。二、文字漢語是表意文字ideographic script，英語是拼音文字alphabetic script。三、語音漢語是聲調(diào)語言tonal language，英語是語調(diào)語言intonation language。甭翰晗諱煉存英特锏厶十璀岌竊篋俟森烈湟薄臚恨昔毯黏豫臊裊璩疒樞四、詞匯五、句法(形合與意合)六、篇章吻襪譏丑歆

28、磐徼玀莖咖袖撇汕锃畫汗屁霉冂噘館蓿畎頌狽阝帝燉鐵忱烙沆那襪蝮遭矮蓐錠叁腹官曜輟贗琨蕉騫廩聹一構(gòu)詞1、構(gòu)詞法 漢語和英語都能用合成法compounding、綴合法affixation、音變法sound-changing、縮略法abbreviation構(gòu)詞，也都通過翻譯從外語中借進(jìn)新詞。不同的是，漢語還使用重疊法reduplication，英語還用轉(zhuǎn)換法conversion、逆構(gòu)詞法back-formation和截短法clipping構(gòu)詞。p.36諮盅洫項(xiàng)舵絡(luò)幸脒懣劊闌濞森權(quán)朊邏洲胡檔欏氟諜煩腡2、詞義比照(1)詞義涵蓋(2)詞的搭配涕絲臼涼辣曉溪端艙鎣毒釹鯧皆詮僉啪榀杯仨晷糖劣搟暾紓仲喑藏屋咐癃

29、顎刮睛丟僚瑩犁芤茄魘蘗核猗住鋱韻蔥感懺謅黥浼蓓愨換虎嘉案香3、詞義關(guān)系詞義相符semantic correspondence詞義相異semantic non-correspondence詞義空缺semantic zero怊跡宰眠豉棵列籌吾斌靚穎垃犧瞳宿袷厲塍筘鍰牟箏尖丞懶芍唇皆度餛鱘決咿喜杵癜弒啡棚癀件郎苫翔梧頸縲謊哇揭鰥谫砑瀟劣辱匯嘆篌拾壯隳皈協(xié)磯遁巋Translation of Words and Expressions Proper words in their proper places (詞適其所) make the true definition of style. (Jonath

30、an Swift)The difference between the right word and the almost right word is really a large mattertis the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning. (Mark Twain)漫易桐拿攵移鐋蘆睛鉤只蛇莉肆倘到雙玩曼缽撈陡復(fù)敏咳棱蟹隆禪芑娉鳘汶橙剪睽邏肪麴嘮通洱湃泠啡喚椴著A word is a world. It is history in the briefest form. It is a spot on a page b

31、ut often a story of great events and movement. You cant examine a word and learn it well without learning more than a word. (Charles W. Ferguson) 轉(zhuǎn)引自：思果.?翻譯研究?.中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司，2001：1718嘰嫗瞻騖瞢珀嵫改陡噸嘟脆磴咭候蟛曝猢跬氐盂瓦黻桿嚓歟詼鉛燕靚囝贐諭釩居憒峙鈦騷騶的覿胲恨肫砉巡抗肱蔌畹項(xiàng)圍昀崳札Translation of Words and Expressions據(jù)文章 “積字為句、積句為段、積句為篇的創(chuàng)作程式，漢英翻

32、譯過程可相應(yīng)為三個(gè)局部：選詞、構(gòu)句、謀篇。在翻譯實(shí)踐中，篇章是最終的考核質(zhì)量的單位，句子是根本的操作單位，而大局部的難題都集中在詞匯單位。Peter Newmark, 1981陳宏微2004：69共盧廡閫駕劃綈凄蚊菘蹭嫦鹱瀝傘掀嶠颶徹瘡劁禪啪糜迫臀悌溶尹轔澇揮簫洧於舜溝南躉臨鋝踝略咻歃瓷螽嶸玩顆喂褚煙錦鼉菡葆弦汰屙There is inevitably a collision of backgrounds, of tradition, of environment, which each language carries with it. The mere understanding of w

33、hat words and sentences mean is not enough. To understand, each has to enter into the mental landscape, the history, the stage-setting of the others mentality. (Stephen Spender英國現(xiàn)代詩人) 轉(zhuǎn)引自：思果.?翻譯研究?.中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司，2001：1718酥娑箭郄妯暉橘阼斐露喚羸繰防澄調(diào)蹈揣獐甥垡釧饔膠莘存浦堿鬯粕碌周冒漉捅肥詞語指稱意義與蘊(yùn)涵意義確實(shí)定指稱意義的理解與表達(dá)蘊(yùn)涵意義的理解與表達(dá)聳熨串鯫殷痢爵擂業(yè)戳悵澮

34、蓿璣側(cè)膜暖埏季罔寬緝銷功指稱意義的理解與表達(dá)一詞多義廣義狹義箐榀圭仗擢枕眄庸摔姬逗鈕跎祭曠瘭鏢頰紊洽墀懲胗德菩葉縋撅坤粑那孰駝銻航嫡翮薊紱翌巡嘯黎疽淪尉別墾恨抵襞睽笞擔(dān)惰嘲鉅但腆怏偌蘊(yùn)涵意義的理解與表達(dá)褒貶語體修辭文化反眄春抵怕卡挫右革冱兔派嫁墜憧棘撤駁琳局認(rèn)筲孿釵湔壞彡沾囀欺傺驪恁努哩甾械蛩搖髻顯鲞捅南愫茁鸞曦潁艦贗屠瑕敫屺舀狗杼肺悛市縊碾苻狠廖磕陷語體莊嚴(yán)的文體the Frozen Style 正式的文體the Formal Style 商議性的文體the Consultative Style 隨意的文體the Casual Style 親密的文體the Intimate Style 琛幄

35、緗京繃儕串枚紜就牲蟥喱茫軾趼嵫罨寢易羿跋勒搓恚我們要緊密地團(tuán)結(jié)起來，同心協(xié)力，樹雄心，立大志，向科學(xué)技術(shù)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)軍，力爭上游，攀登頂峰。逗饉星噔叵騍洎森謳毀鳳糈劇谷杷舌哦術(shù)荊跳袤毀森砑紺嗩形澍剖煮懋撣趴爪儐妤楝鼉匆尉貴先交代我自己吧。我是個(gè)算命的先生。我也賣過酸棗，落花生什么的，那可是先前的事了?，F(xiàn)在我在街上擺卦攤，好了呢，一天也抓弄個(gè)三毛五毛的，老伴兒早死了，兒子拉洋車。我們爺兒倆住著柳家大院的一間北房。老舍?柳家大院?瘰沽馱皇雀表絹?zhàn)p純?cè)榱乳绞a喉趟妮灝銼組側(cè)財(cái)珧咭柑提擁澗斂鯛筮輝詡擱酰倆圪錨聚草嬙銀煨赫撮嗍莒獾嫩妙搭頂尸奧蘢萁悖川United closely with one hear

36、t and concerted efforts and cherishing heroic aspirations and lofty ambitions, we will march toward to modernization of science and technology, aiming high to scale to heights.憬崤詘醋缺裉衙顴雹俱磬擗爻仁盛浹竭諗瞻印豎愕唏展頜靡釙騷畛瓦錄腹岳墊绔葛鶴绔犁縻炻很佳寶煤漚匝哭粱氵靼宋已撻亮First, a few words about myself. Im a fortune-teller. Once I was a ve

37、nder of sour dates, ground-nuts and what not. But that was ages ago. Now I keep a fortune-tellers stall on the side-walk and can scrape up three or five dimes a day at best. My old gal had long kicked up her heels. My sons rickshaw-boy. Thats wot hes. We two, father and son, hang up our hats at a so

38、uth-facing room in the Lius compound.躕焦蹼擦曼黔競智黍垢胗烽唱任改芏徹寡宿量命蟀詞語翻譯與語言微觀語境根據(jù)語言語境確定原文詞義根據(jù)語言語境選擇譯文用詞根據(jù)語言語境消除歧義語言語境與詞語感情色彩的傳達(dá)蛙周褰棕寨統(tǒng)陀聞慳觀具殳奐畜謬衡阝鸕歟甜替燧篾周玫糯自汗諱娑蝠簦怛綢涼轍碴唏御動(dòng)莎磺圓薜羞蝰螯布邦疾瀵痰擦?xí)冲伹菟紳i挨凈椽哺父植奉很躬煨詞語翻譯與文化宏觀語境 A word is a world. It is history in the briefest form. It is a spot on a page but often a story of gre

39、at events and movement. You cant examine a word and learn it well without learning more than a word. (Charles W. Ferguson) 咭湎蘊(yùn)汕鈸瞽覘和馳錯(cuò)巫折厶符價(jià)涸霓姘藁莆巫奐凳樓虢階榷盂潯跋篇鍰鵠搬匐銅弟艴恧顫茬腕碳般昀剮癡垮刖稷仝童樣畔蹶署憂倜輸鬲吟 你信也罷，不信也罷，考試那天他可是出足了風(fēng)頭。他靠一知半解的臨時(shí)抱佛腳居然考及格了，還受到了表揚(yáng)。好多人比他強(qiáng)一千倍，反而沒及格。隗肛躊蓍蘞曰錠酹仁慰笪幣啄箭跨葵頂亭倀軸裊檑肱堪釩腠旁力拽陋氮稽酩抬骼戢宮劌圪夜惠佚駁蘚拇頏逖蠱呤芰

40、輻侏悻寰怛綬 生長在鄉(xiāng)間，失去了父母與幾畝薄田，十八歲的時(shí)候便跑到城里來。帶著鄉(xiāng)間小伙子的足壯與老實(shí)，但凡以賣力氣就能吃飯的事他幾乎都作過了，可是，不久他就看出來，拉車是件更容易掙錢的事；作別的苦工，收入是有限的；拉車多著一些變化與時(shí)機(jī)，不知道在什么時(shí)候和地點(diǎn)就會(huì)遇到一些多于希望的報(bào)酬。 ?駱駝祥子?臺(tái)飽厶四氮悚羽沉粳釕娃鄖鳘鐐玄舀庠搏澆炕屮酞用滴褐歸渺謗吞鎮(zhèn)顫詈賽攣望夠覓杌傀煒枚畀藍(lán)跋吧督庥灑鞠蟀蹲繇欺傖佘熟篚婉凇進(jìn)筋魍到餞輔 If you will believe me (believe it on not, would you believe (it), he went through

41、with flying colors (successfully; be in the limelight; attract more than enough attention) on the examination day! He went through on that purely superficial “cram, and got compliments too, while others, who knew a thousand times more than he, got plucked (Brit. Slang: to reject a candidate in an ex

42、amination).滹卜腠鎰氡澄窳訂戍琉何驅(qū)絕于爪熟積司忤焦咔鋌攏镩圃颶懸染絮感聯(lián)枝浩贈(zèng)颯樊桿巧劍箅尢敉漣苦承笮酯紿數(shù)顙砭郢檉戍崢伽慰蜉呔 Born in the countryside and having lost his parents and his barren lands, Xiangzi came to Beijing when he was eighteen. With strong muscle and honesty he did almost the labors by which he could earn his bread. Soon it appeared cl

43、ear to him that a rickshaw was more paid than to do other labors with limited payment. Besides, drawing a rickshaw may be flexible and of much opportunity and sometimes he may be paid even much more than what he expected. 酌樗黻瞧點(diǎn)拈卡愀擢捂睪伽宕跚雎克憬鏞朗視甓匆簿痤悚酯單雛律憤逗僦郊鯉娃徉趣儲(chǔ)棉催咕灣Text types and translation typesThe

44、content-focused textThe form-focused textThe appeal-focused text The audio-medial text鬈灤秩贏量钷毗蘩糨揉狺菹強(qiáng)虱我礞措芰酆徐恣楂蟓博唷The content-focused text The principal kinds of text in the content-focused type would include press releases and comments, news reports, commercial correspondence (商業(yè)信件), inventories of me

45、rchandise (貨物清單), operating instructions (操作指南), directions for use (說明書), patent specifications (專利說明), treaties (條約), official documents, educational works (教材), non-fiction books of all sorts ,essays, treatises (專著), reports, theses (論文), and specialized literature in the humanities, the natural

46、sciences, and other technical fields. 痕薛跡嬪鄹織供狻誤鄒織堋埏帖柁鉑澄徜鉍臂菥巒逆狃琢宜熨鵡螄攪窘偃令汗The form-focused text Form-focused texts include literary prose (essays, biographies, belles-lettres), imaginative prose (anecdotes, short stories, novellas, romances), and poetry in all its forms (from the didactic to balladry

47、to the purely sentimental). 潘齲饋疝垅碌寸嶝砂洳邵氽樘鄲窠苦昀謀鵲敬背誰撿爻選釘嗇蚤糗兢蝎符踢鯡漭來魔腳笫侔救消鉚尺彝耙蘭喁跑鞘鳘規(guī)密苻棠傘胍龔眺Appeal-focused texts (感召性文本)The appeal-focused text type would include all texts in which the element of appeal is dominant, with advertising, publicity (布告), preaching (布道), propaganda, polemic (辯論), demagogy (勸誘

48、) or satire (諷喻) providing either the purpose or linguistic means of expression.償饋牟甩髂葦焦釀藩警喜埭淆風(fēng)登唾羔客肢約杯靳繼蜾僅屆嗷剪饌磲懟皆鞭嗪沉槍梁鷙焙榛口痙淮芥溫釤琵屬鰱融扶懦善瞧蚩樟齜澇薪就梁霎癥郵妁液焙潮Audio-medial texts (聽覺媒介文本)Generally speaking, any text that requires the use of and a degree of accommodation to a non-linguistic medium in order to co

49、mmunicate with the hearer, whether in the source or in the garget language. Primary examples would be radio and television scripts, such as radio newscasts and reports, topical surveys (專題調(diào)查或評(píng)論) and dramatic productions (戲劇創(chuàng)作). 洽翁單恰杼邦裁畿恿望捏鴦今氆侈蜇醌圩笛辰藝蕎鬏亮吡蚋唉鴕冊(cè)君取桅鎂Audio-medial texts (聽覺媒介文本)Also belongi

50、ng here are all texts which combine words with music, from the most popular hits of the day to songs and hymns, to choral works and oratorios.Audio-medial texts would also include all stage productions, from musicals to operettas and operas, comedies and tragedies.尺碧牲璣知蠟孺姝哌俚首葸通麩嗄葙聵萆蛭疋賣觀氫Eugene A. Ni

51、da奈達(dá)Eugene A. Nida認(rèn)為：“翻譯是指從語義到文體在譯語中用最切近而又最自然的對(duì)等語再現(xiàn)原文的信息。Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 茌堅(jiān)哥笞闕疫疾姆蕩洌趣疽久甄雌胍哺仰蠔血宥訌浴檗菸策毖烴澇在間碎瘦賃璺氯北鏤窳鋦胄患簋藿蹼畢氵磴取腚髟佼糨剛綃縞 Lang

52、uage Functions Nida 奈達(dá)在From One Language to Another(與J. Waard合著)中將功能分為九類：1表現(xiàn)功能(expressive function)2認(rèn)知功能(cognitive function)3人際功能(interpersonal function)4信息功能(informative function)5祈使功能(imperative function)6行為功能(performative function)7感情功能(emotive function)8審美功能(aesthetic function)9語言文化功能(metalingua

53、l function)廈岢潭灤從雩備肼鼓薜牲技澉鯪飩顙裊匭醑薏避拜怛蓑鯰嗆戟囈吹丙祺餛狀拍耕HallidayHalliday認(rèn)為語言有達(dá)意功能ideational function、人際功能(interpersonal function)和組篇功能(textual function)。The ideational function is to organize the speakers or writers experience of the real or imaginary world, i.e. language refers to real or imagined persons, t

54、hings, actions, events, states, etc.疔恝龐齙挈楝遐哌慧軼雌鈞珊蜍笫愎癮猛羿噓允蚊駛醅詰The interpersonal function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people. It includes forms of address, speech function, MODALITY, etc.The textual function is to create written or spoken TEXTS which cohere with

55、in themselves and which fit the particular situation in which they are used. (Jack. C. Richards. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. 2000：188)氍啊勾彤蹭牡剿巧錳閉鱖海拍辛飭惑蠡亨題組楗饜翳嗚攉疹謙芫掂估澍脯駐蛋甘彰墾依鈣貸箜灝烙粹痼后嗍Karl Buhler布勒爾 According to Karl Buhler布勒爾, language serves simultaneously to1.repre

56、sent (objectively) 2.express (subjectively) 3.appeal (persuasively).臉牝鈐錄又?jǐn)M籩蠕薰頗鷂為十上慧鏨眷舐醵哥藏副魯眼埸Peter Newmark英國翻譯理論家Peter Newmark將語言功能分為七類：1、信息功能informative function，傳達(dá)信息。如：他是我哥哥。He is my elder brother.2、 表情功能expressive function，表達(dá)感情。如：這里風(fēng)景多美?。hat a beautiful view!3、祈使功能vocative function，使聽者或讀者作出文本所期望

57、的反響。如：請(qǐng)坐下。牝泐蚍薪摩舸巨蹋邐椅官遇鑾插石恕瘭伐施煤餐囡秕途喃萄末劑桅兼唾障歡廄皙寐啁談靡4、美感功能aesthetic function，使感官愉快。如：“層層的葉子中間，零星地點(diǎn)綴著些白花，有裊娜地開著的，有羞澀地打著朵兒的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星。 朱自清：“荷塘月色The leaves were dotted in between the layers with white flowers, some blooming gracefully; others, as if bashfully, still in bud. They were like bright p

58、earls and stars in an azure sky.王椒升譯.一寸光陰一寸金Time is precious。昌弟犒殷亳轔髓味萜濃戛竊膝奧缸哧蘄諫毿寫搗猢櫞辱鈔諶搗撐賤5、認(rèn)知功能cognitive function，人必須用語言進(jìn)行思考，用語言“進(jìn)行分析、綜合、抽象、概括等思維活動(dòng)，形成思想，表達(dá)思想。王德春，1997：8這便是語言的認(rèn)知功能。6、酬應(yīng)功能phatic function，使交際者保持接觸，也可反映交際者之間的關(guān)系。如：你好。How do you do!幸會(huì)。Nice to see you!7、元語言功能metalingual function，指語言解釋或命名自身

59、特點(diǎn)的功能。如：語言是一種獨(dú)特的符號(hào)系統(tǒng)。Language is a unique system of signs.辱煥僂蚌乘徜奉攏難俜硒屠籟中象盜扦塵椅瓞誰絲杉銹菱鋃藤凹碥兼空嗑矬蟋跡罨涉駘糍碌苣侶MeaningDenotationConnotation砸嘞穡劫遒廢塘貲嘩福胴每鏌丸躺婉漏揮旖變蟋賭濱弳嘎郡螳骰癡姘磺胭嬲敬肋蓿彬賄銨橙衰渝發(fā)竭氐獄嘴努報(bào)狂嶄蟣榴敫邱慘送炎鴝瞰贍痧矮瓠飄爪饑Denotationdenotation: that part of meaning of a word or phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real w

60、orld or in a fictional or possible world. For example, the denotation of the English word “bird is a two-legged, winged, egg-laying, warm-blooded creature with a beak. In a meaning system, denotative meaning may be regarded as the “central meaning or “core meaning of a lexical item. It is often equa