1、1. MOLECULES AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE2. SUBSTANCES3. REACTIONS3.1 polymerizationThe process of converting a monomer or a mixture of monomers into a polymer.3.2 oligomerizationThe process of converting a monomer or a mixture of monomers into an oligomer.NoteAn oligomerization by chain reaction carried

2、 out in the presence of a large amount of chain-transfer agent, so that the end-groups are essentially fragments of the chain-transfer agent, is termed telomerization.3.3 homopolymerizationPolymerization in which a homopolymer is formed.3.4 copolymerizationPolymerization in which a copolymer is form

3、ed.3.5 co-oligomerizationOligomerization in which a co-oligomer is formed.notes to 3.6 chain polymerization2. The adjective chain in chain polymerization denotes a chain reaction rather than a polymer chain.3. Propagation in chain polymerization usually occurs without the formation of small molecule

4、s. However, cases exist where a low-molar-mass by-product is formed, as in the polymerization of oxazolidine-2,5-diones derived from amino acids (commonly termed amino-acid N-carboxy anhydrides). When a low-molar-mass by-product is formed, the adjective condensative is recommended to give the term c

5、ondensative chain polymerization.Note to 3.6 chain polymerization4. The growth steps are expressed byPx + M Px+1 (+ L) x 1, 2, where Px denotes the growing chain of degree of polymerization x, M a monomer, and L a low-molar-mass by-product formed in the case of condensative chain polymerization.5. T

6、he term chain polymerization may be qualified further, if necessary, to specify the type of chemical reactions involved in the growth step, e.g., ring-opening chain polymerization, cationic chain polymerization.6. There exist, exceptionally, some polymerizations that proceed via chain reactions that

7、, according to the definition, are not chain polymerizations. For example, the polymerizationHSXSH + H2C=CHYCH=CH2SXSCH2CH2YCH2CH2proceeds via a radical chain reaction with intermolecular transfer of the radical center. The growth step, however, involves reactions between molecules of all degrees of

8、 polymerization and, hence, the polymerization is classified as a polyaddition. If required, the classification can be made more precise and the polymerization described as a chain-reaction polyaddition.Notes to 3.7 polycondensation2. The earlier term polycondensation was synonymous with condensatio

9、n polymerization. It should be noted that the current definitions of polycondensation and condensative chain polymerization were both embraced by the earlier term polycondensation.3.9 statistical copolymerizationA copolymerization in which a statistical copolymer is formed.3.10 random copolymerizati

10、onA copolymerization in which a random copolymer is formed.3.11 alternating copolymerizationA copolymerization in which an alternating copolymer is formed.3.12 periodic copolymerizationA copolymerization in which a periodic copolymer is formed.3.14 ring-opening copolymerizationA copolymerization whi

11、ch is a ring-opening polymerization with respect to at least one monomer.3.15 radical polymerizationA chain polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are radicals.NoteUsually, the growing chain end bears an unpaired electron.3.16 radical copolymerizationA copolymerization which is a radical

12、 polymerization.3.17 ionic polymerizationA chain polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are ions or ion-pairs.NoteUsually, the growing chain ends are ions.3.18 ionic copolymerizationA copolymerization which is an ionic polymerization.3.19 anionic polymerizationAn ionic polymerization in

13、which the kinetic-chain carriers are anions.3.20 cationic polymerizationAn ionic polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are cations.3.21 living polymerizationA chain polymerization from which chain transfer and chain termination are absent.NoteIn many cases, the rate of chain initiation

14、is fast compared with the rate of chain propagation, so that the number of kinetic-chain carriers is essentially constant throughout the polymerization.3.22 living copolymerizationA copolymerization which is a living polymerization.3.23 cyclopolymerizationA polymerization in which the number of cycl

15、ic structures in the constitutional units of the resulting macromolecules is larger than in the monomer molecules.3.24 chain scissionA chemical reaction resulting in the breaking of skeletal bonds.1. MOLECULES AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE2. SUBSTANCES3. REACTIONSGLOSSARY OF BASIC TERMS IN POLYMER SCIENCE

16、4. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition numberalternating copolymer 2.11alternating copolymerization 3.11anionic polymerization 3.19atactic macromolecule 1.25atactic polymer 2.21backbone 1.34bipolymer 2.5block 1.62block copolymer 2.24block macromolecule 1.264. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm D

17、efinition numberchain scission 3.24co-oligomer 2.7co-oligomerization 3.5comb macromolecule 1.52comb polymer 2.33condensative chain polymerization 3.6configurational base unit 1.17configurational repeating unit 1.18configurational sequence 1.64configurational unit 1.164. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTe

18、rm Definition numberconstitutional repeating unit 1.15constitutional sequence 1.63constitutional unit 1.14copolymer 2.5copolymerization 3.4covalent network 1.58crosslink 1.59cyclopolymerization 3.23decad 1.63, 1.64degree of polymerization 1.134. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition numbergraft

19、 macromolecule 1.28graft polymer 2.23heptad 1.63, 1.64hexad 1.63, 1.64homopolymer 2.4homopolymerization 3.3interpenetrating polymer network 2.43ionic copolymerization 3.18ionic polymerization 3.17ionomer 2.394. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition numberionomer molecule 1.66irregular macromole

20、cule 1.5irregular polymer 2.16isotactic macromolecule 1.23isotactic polymer 2.18junction point 1.54junction unit 1.27ladder chain 1.44ladder macromolecule 1.45ladder polymer 2.304. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition numberlinear chain 1.32linear copolymer 2.28linear macromolecule 1.6linear p

21、olymer 2.27living copolymerization 3.22living polymerization 3.21long-chain branch 1.53long chain 1.36loose end 1.61macrocycle 1.574. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition numbermicronetwork 1.60monodisperse polymer 2.13monomer 1.8, 2.1monomer molecule 1.3monomer unit 1.8monomeric 1.8monomeric

22、unit 1.8multi-strand chain 1.46multi-strand macromolecule 1.47n-strand chain 1.46n-strand macromolecule 1.47n-star macromolecule 1.51network 1.58network polymer 2.41non-uniform polymer 2.14nonad 1.63, 1.64octad 1.63, 1.64oligomer 1.2, 2.3oligomer molecule 1.2oligomeric 1.24. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TE

23、RMSTerm Definition number4. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition numberoligomerization 3.2pendant chain 1.53pendant group 1.56pentad 1.63, 1.64pentafunctional 1.54, 1.55periodic copolymer 2.12periodic copolymerization 3.12physical network 1.58polyaddition 3.8polycondensation 3.74. ALPHABETICAL

24、 INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition numberpolydisperse polymer 2.14polyelectrolyte 2.38polyelectrolyte molecule 1.65polymer 1.1, 2.2polymer blend 2.40polymer molecule 1.1polymer network 2.41polymer-polymer complex 2.43polymeric 1.1polymerization 3.1pre-polymer 2.37pre-polymer molecule 1.11pseudo-cooligom

25、er 2.8pseudo-copolymer 2.6quaterpolymer 2.5radical copolymerization 3.16radical polymerization 3.15random copolymer 2.10random copolymerization 3.10regular comb macromolecule 1.52 4. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition number4. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition numberregular macromol

26、ecule 1.4regular oligomer molecule 1.7regular polymer 2.15regular star macromolecule 1.51ring-opening copolymerization 3.14ring-opening polymerization 3.13segregated star macromolecule 1.51semi-interpenetrating polymer network 2.42short-chain branch 1.53short chain 1.374. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMSTerm Definition numberside chain 1.53side group 1.56single-strand chain 1.38single-strand macromolecule 1.39single-strand polymer 2.29skeletal atom 1.49s