對外經(jīng)濟貿 年攻讀入學考試經(jīng)貿專業(yè)英語試（100分TheinformationNeverinthehistoryofthisplanethashumanityseenmorechangethanwitnessedoverthelasttwentyyears.Aftercenturies-evenmillenniums-ofhumancivilization,onlyinthisperiodhasmanfoundthemeanstoconnectinstantlyandefficientlytheconsciousnessofvirtuallyeveryinhabitantontheearth.Onlyinthepastdecadehavecomethemeanstoconsolidate,organize,andaccessalloftheavailableknowledgethatmanhasgainedovertheentirehistoryofhumanity.Andasifthismind-numbingpaceofchangehasnotbeenfastenough,theforcesthatdriveitpromise eevenstrongerandfasterinthecomingtwentyyears.Ourraceisinthemidstoftheinformationrevolution-arevolutionthatcouldchangevirtuallyeveryfacetofhumanlife.Fromourvantagepoint,itisstillnotpossibletofullygrasptheextentandsignificanceoftheinformationrevolution.Thingsaremovingtoofast-propelledbyadvancesinscienceandtheforcesofmarketeconomics-topredictexactlyhowevolvingtechnologieswillaltercivilizationonearth.Theonlythingthatcanbesaidforcertainisthatmajorchangeisinevitableforallbutthemostremotefringesofhumansociety.Weareheadingatblindingspeedintoacompletenewworldbuiltonafoundationoftheinformationandcommunicationtechnology.1.邁入信息的漩渦——那將是一場改變人類生活方方面面的。度步入一個建立在信息通訊技術基礎上的全。RecentTrendsininternationalOverthelastfewdecades,theforeigntradesectorhasgrowndramaticallyinimportanceworldwide.In1960,asapercentageofnominalGDP,goodsexportsandimportswere3.9percentand2.9percent,respectively.By1997,goodsexportsandimportsshareshadrisento8.5percentand11.0percent,respectively.Domesticdemandhasincreasinglybeenmetbyimports,whileexportshave eamoresignificantfactorunderlyinggrowthinmanufacturingoutput.WhatdoestheUnitedStatesexportandimport?In1997,byprincipleend-usecategories,exportareledbycapitalgoodsexcludingautos,withsecondplaceheldbyindustrialsandmaterials.Mostimportsforindustrialsandmaterials,followedbyautomotivevehicles,parts,andengines.ExportsandimportsflowsbetweenvarioustradingpartnershavechangessignificantlysincetheendofWorldWarII.Thoughstillimportant,WesternEuropenolongerdominatesastheUnitedStates'primarytradingregion.Forexports,CanadaisbyfarthemostimportantbuyerofUSgoods.In1996,CanadaalsowasthenumberonerofgoodstotheUnitedStates.Inrecentyears,however,Japan,China,andMexicohave eincreasinglyimportant.WhiletheUnitedStates'largestunilateraltradedeficitforgoodsiswithJapan,China’sgoodstradesurpluswithUnitedStateshasgrownrapidlyinrecentyears.2.在過去幾十，對外貿易在所有國家國民經(jīng)濟中的重要性有顯著提高。在1960年，貨物分別占名義國內生產總值的2.9%和3.9%，這個是微不足道的。但到了1997年，貨品在國內生產總值中的份額就分別上升到8.5%和11.0%。進口滿足了不斷增加的那么，的貨物都是什么呢？從幾種主要的最終消費品來看，1997年出1996年，也是的第一出口大國。不過近幾年來，、中國和墨西哥在外貿中的重要性漸長。對日貿易逆差最大，對華貿易逆差近年來也迅速增長。ContractinThelawofcontracts,fashionedovercenturiestofittheneedsofpartieswhotransact,isrichinhumanexperience.Itwouldbepresumptuoustoassumethattechnologicalchangewillfundamentallyalterthewaywecontract.Itwillnot.Rather,contractlawwilladapt,asitalwayshas,to modatecyberspace.Although,contractlawmustchangesothatitprovidescertaintyandenforceabilityovercyberspacetransactions,technologymustprogressbeforethiscanhappen.Cyberspacesecurityproblemsmustberesolved,foruntiltransactionscanbesecurelyeffectedsimplyandwithwideaccessibility,businesswilllackthenecessarycomfortlevel.Thismayrequirepatience.It'simportantthatthemarketresolvethetechnologicalissuesfirst,orweruntheriskoflawdictatingtechnology--asub-optimalsolution.Thecontactlawthatwillemergewon'tbea"new"orrevolutionarycontractlawperse.Ratheritwillapplyoldprinciplestothenewenvironment,andovertimewillevolvetofurtherreflectcyberspace'sidiosyncrasies.Contractlawissuesthatrequireimmediatelegislativeattentionare:thestatusofdigitalsignatureandtheiracceptabilityinContracts,amendmentstotheStatueofFrauds'writingandsigningrequirements,legalsupportofencryptionuse,andcriminalizationofcrypto-attacks,ernmentshouldalsogivepriorityattentiontopublickeyinfrastructure(PKI)issues,suchastheliabilityofcertificationauthorities.Otherthan ingamodeluser,itshouldn'tmandateuseofaparticularPKIsystematt3.的是，市場必須首先解決安全問題，否則，用法律取代技術的，——這將是一種次優(yōu)方案。出現(xiàn)在虛擬空間中的合同法本身將不會是一個“新”的或具有性的合同CorporateAsthenameindicates,corporatebondsareissuedbycorporations.Corporationbondsareclassifiedbythetypeofissuer.Thefourgeneralclassificationsusedbybondinformationservicesare1)utilities,(2)transportations,(3)industrials,and(4)banksandfinancecompanies.Firstbreakdownsareoftentocreatemorehomogeneousgrous.Forexample,utilitiesaresubdividedintoelectricpowercompanies,gasdistributioncompanies,watercompanies,andcommunicationcompanies.Transportationaredividedfurtherintoairlines,railroads,andtruckingcompanies.Industrialsarethecatchallclass,andthemostheterogeneousofthegrouswithrespecttoinvestmentcharacteristics.Industrialsincludeallkindsofmanufacturing,merchandising,andservicecompanies.Thepromisesofacorporatebondissuerandtherightsofinvestorsaresetforthingreatdetailinacontractcalledabondindenture.Failuretopayeithertheprincipalorinterestwhendueconstituteslegaldefaultandcourtproceedingscanbeinstitutedtoenforcethecontract.Bondholders,ascreditors,haveapriorlegalclaimoverpreferredandcommonstockholdersasto eandassetsofthecorporationfortheprincipalandinterestduethem.Inatypicalcorporatebond,thereareoptionsembeddedintheissue.Anembeddedoptionispartofthestructureofabond,asopposedtoa"bareoption”,whichtradesseparayfromanyunderlyingsecurity.Mostcorporatebondsaretermbonds,thatis,theyrunforatermofyearsandthen dueandpayable.Termbondsareoftenreferredtoas"bullet--maturity"orsimply"bullet"bonds.Thetermmaybelongorshort.AswithTreasuresecurities,obligationsduelessthentenyearsfromthedateofissuearecallednotes.Termbondsmayberetiredbypaymentatfinalmaturityorretiredpriortomaturityifprovidedforintheindenture.Somecorporatebondissuesaresoarrangedthatspecifiedprincipalamounts edueonspecifieddates.Suchissuesarecalledserialbonds.4.同財政一樣，從日至到期日少于十年的債券被稱為票據(jù)。定期債券可以通過在最后warrantiesontheSaleofaThesaleofabusinessisatransactionwhichinvolvesthesaleofavariedcollectionofassetshavingdifferentcharacteristics:someoftheassetswillbephysicalgoods,suchasstock,machineryandusuallytherewillbefreeholdofleaseholdpropertiestobeintangibleassetswillincludethegoodwillofthebusiness,debtorsand,commonly,inlectualpropertyrights;rightsmaybesold,suchastothecurrentorderbook,whicharebarelyassetsinthenormalsense.Thetransactionwillnotnormallyinvolvethepurchaserintakingoverliabilitiesandthesewillnotgenerallypassunlessthereisanexpressacceptancebythepurchaser.Thisbroadprincipleneeds,however,tobequalifiedinanumberofrespects:Liabilitiesinrelationtopropertiesmayrunwiththelandandaccordinglyautomaticallybindthepurchaser.CertainobligationstotheemployeesofabusinesswhichissoldasagoingconcernpassundertheTransferofUndertaking(ProtectionofEmployment)Regulations1981.Partlycompletedgoods,themanufactureofwhichiscompletedbythepurchaser,willgiverisetoaliabilityonthepurchaseriftheyprovetobedefectiveeventhoughthedefectarisesfromworkdonebythevendor.Fromapracticalpointofview,itisoftennecessaryforthepurchasertoperformwarrantyobligationsofthevendorinrelationtogoodssoldslightlybeforethetransferofthebusiness.Despitetheseexceptions,thegeneralrulesisthatthepurchaserdoesnottakeoveranyliabilitiesofthebusinessforwhichitdoesnotwishtoberesponsible.Thissignificantlyaffectsthescopeofthewarrantieswhichthepurchaser