Unit4Sharing備課資料ⅠDefinition.在名詞性從句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，從句放在所修飾詞（即先行詞）之后由關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。.:ThestorythatyoureadisTheRescue.你讀的故事叫《營救》。Sheisthegirlwhogotthefirstprize.她就是那個(gè)得了第一名的女孩。ⅡRelatives.1.RelativePronouns:that,which,who,whom,whoseReferringtoFunctionwhopeoplesubject/objectwhompeopleobjectthatpeople/thingssubject/objectwhichthingssubject/objectwhosepeople/thingsattribute(1)當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)使用who和whom,若在句中作主語用who;如果作賓語用whom,但在口語中,常用who代替whom,也可省略。.Theforeignerwho/thatvisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.(作主語)Theboywho/thatbrokethewindowiscalledJack.(作主語)Thegirlwho/whom/that/×wemetyesterdayisLiFei’ssister.(作賓語)Heisthemanwhom/that/who/×Ivisitedlastweek.(作賓語)(2)that先行詞即可指人又可指物，在從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時(shí)可以省略。.Hehasjustmovedintothehousethat/whichwasbuiltlastyear.(作主語)Thenoodles(that)Icookedweredelicious.(作賓語)Let’saskthemanthat/whoisreadingthebookoverthere.(作主語)Thegirl(that/whom/×)wesawyesterdayisJim’ssister.(作賓語)(3)當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)用which，在從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)可以省略。.Theyplantedthetreeswhichdon’tneedmuchwater.(作主語)Thebooks(which/that)weboughtwerenotinteresting.(作賓語)(4)whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞可是人也可是物，在從句中作定語。.MissSmithistheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek.(作定語)HarryistheboywhosemotherisourChineseteacher.(作定語)◆“whose+名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中既能作主語，又能作賓語。whose的先行詞常用來指人，但有時(shí)也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念，這時(shí)可以與ofwhich結(jié)構(gòu)互換，詞序是：“名詞+ofwhich”，如：Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhich)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename)★當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞缺少先行詞時(shí)，需用theone來補(bǔ)充.Isthemuseumtheone(that)youvisited?(5)介詞和關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句。eq\o\ac(○,1)關(guān)系代詞whom,which在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，可以和介詞一起放在先行詞和從句之間。為了使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的詞，也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面。.Theathletetowhomyoutalkedisafamousrunner.(whom不能省略，不能用who代替)→Theathletewhom/that/×youtalkedtoisafamousrunner.Mr.Whiteistheprofessortowhomyoushouldwrite.(whom不能省略，不能用who代替)ThisisthepenwithwhichIwrotetheletter.(which不能省略，不能用that代替)→Thisisthepenthat/which/Iwrotetheletterwith.eq\o\ac(○,2)含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞的后面。.Isthisthewatchwhichheislookingfor?(不能說成：Isthisthewatchforwhichheislooking?)Theoldmanwhomthenursearelookingafterisverywellnow.Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.eq\o\ac(○,3)關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞不能放在它的前面，只能放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面;而當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句的末尾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可用that/which(指物)；that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語，而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可省略。.Thecitythat/which/×shelivesinisveryfaraway.=Thecityinwhichshelivesisveryfaraway.Thisistheherothat/who/whom/×weareproudof.不能說：Thisistheheroofwhomweareproud.eq\o\ac(○,4)關(guān)系代詞whose也可以在從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起作介詞賓語。.Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.2.RelativeAdverbs:where,when,whyAntecedentAntecedentPlaceFunctionReplacedbywhereplaceadverbialofplaceat/in+whichwhentimeadverbialoftimeat/in/on+whichwhyreasonadverbialofreasonfor+which(1)where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。.Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichwelivedlastyear.Thefactorywhere/inwhichhisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.(2)when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstcametoBeijing.We’llneverforgetthehappytimewhen/atwhichweworkedonthefarm.(3)why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。.Thereareseveralreasonswhy/forwhichwecan’tdothat.Hecouldn’tgivemeagoodreasonwhy/forwhichhewaslateforschool.ⅢTypes:RestrictiveAttributiveClause&Non-RestrictiveAttributiveClause限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號(hào)“，”，與主句不隔開用逗號(hào)“，”，與主句隔開意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思關(guān)系詞使用上作賓語時(shí)可省略可用that可用who代替whom不可省略不用that不可用who代替whom1．限制性定語從句說明先行詞的情況，對(duì)先行詞起限定作用，與先行詞關(guān)系十分密切，不用逗號(hào)隔開，也不可省略，否則全句意義就不完整。.Thisisthetelegramwhich/thatherefersto.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2．非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充說明，沒有限定作用，它與先行詞的關(guān)系比較松散，不是關(guān)鍵性的，如果省略，原句的意義仍然完整。這種從句在朗讀時(shí)要有停頓，在文字中通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。.ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric.◆引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞有：who,whom,whose,which,when和where，不可以用that和why。另外，非限制性定語從句從意義上講，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，在口語中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人們通常用并列句或簡單句來表達(dá)。如：ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholatertoldittohisbrother.=ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.3．兩種定語從句的內(nèi)涵不同，限制性定語從句具有涉他性，而非限制性定語從句具有唯一性，這在理解和翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意。試比較：Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.（只有一個(gè)）｛4．在正式文體中，以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常以inwhich或that引導(dǎo)，如：Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.◆但在非正式文體中，人們通常省略inwhich或that:.Theway(inwhich)hespoketouswassuspicious.Idon’tliketheway(that)youlaughather.Thisistheplacewhereheworks.｛Thisistheplacewhereheworks.｛Thisistheplacethat/whichThisistheplacethat/whichwevisitedlastmonth.★在非正式場合，that可代替where,when,why;常見的情況是：此時(shí)的先行詞通常是theplace,thetime,thereason,而且that常可省略。Thisistheplace(that)heworks.(=where)Thatwasthetime(that)hearrived.(=when)Thisisthereason(that)hecame.(=why)Practice:Isthisthefactorythat/which/×hisfathervisitedlastyear?Isthisfactorytheonethat/which/×hisfathervisitedlastyear?Isthisthefactorywhere/atwhichhisfatherworkedlastyear?Isthisfactorytheonetowhichhisfatherpaidavisitlastyear?Attention:1.在.中，關(guān)系代詞作主語，只能用who指人，which指物；關(guān)系代詞做賓語，常用whom（口語中有時(shí)用who）指人，which指物，它們都不能用that代替。2.關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，不論是在限制性定語從句中，還是在非限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)介詞前置時(shí)，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介詞后置，則不受這種限制，關(guān)系代詞還可以省去，特別是在口語中。如：Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.在.中，只能用that，不用which指物的情況(1)當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞all,much,little,only,just,every,last,oneof,no,little,few,any,something,everything,anything，nothing,none,theone......及thevery,thelast,thenext,theonly或被不定代詞修飾時(shí).Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.TheonlythingthatIwanttodoistohavearest.ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.Sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.(2)當(dāng)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級(jí)或被它們修飾時(shí).Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveeverseen.Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangZhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.(3)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí).Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?Thefilmstarandherfilmthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywell-known.Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.(4)由which或who等特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的句子.Whichisthebikethatyoulost?Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?(5)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語時(shí).Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.Heisnotthepersonthatheusedtobe..:Shanghaiisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.(6)如果兩個(gè)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞用which,另一個(gè)用that以避免重復(fù)。.Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.4.用which而不用that的場合(1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí).Thisisthehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouth.(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句which可代表先行詞或者前句，“這一點(diǎn)，這件事”.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.(他建立了一個(gè)生產(chǎn)以前從未見過的東西的工廠)Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.(3)先行詞為that,those時(shí).What’sthatwhichwasputinthecar?(4)一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)定語從句，為避免重復(fù)，一個(gè)用that，另一個(gè)用which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.讓我給你看這本從圖書館借的剛剛向我們開放的書。5.在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可用who(m)或that，二者?？苫Q。但在下列情況中，用who(m)，而不用that(1)當(dāng)先行詞是指人的不定代詞時(shí)，如one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等詞時(shí)。.Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp.(◆在非正式文體中可以說：You’retheonethatknowswheretogo.)(2)當(dāng)先行詞是I,you,he,they,those,people,person等詞時(shí)。如：.Hewhowantstocatchfishjustnotmindsgettingwet.Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputupyourhands.(◆在固定結(jié)構(gòu)的諺語或習(xí)語中，可用hethat…。如：Hethatpromisestoomuchmeansnothing.)(3)當(dāng)先行詞是人，后面有較長的定語修飾時(shí)。如：Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?你知道那位穿藍(lán)色衣服，戴厚眼鏡在會(huì)上發(fā)言的作家嗎？(4)在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞指人時(shí)，只用who.Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou.(5)兩個(gè)定語從句同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)指人的先行詞，一個(gè)用that,另一個(gè)常用who(m)來引導(dǎo)，如：.ThemanthatspokeatthemeetingisournewheadmasterwhohasjustcomefromShanghai.Sheistheonlygirl(that)Iknowwhocanplaytheguitar.6.注意way和time后接定語從句的情況(1)當(dāng)先行詞是way“方式、方法”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)的定語從句的關(guān)系詞有下列三種形式：.Idon’tunderstandthewayinwhich/that/×theyworkedouttheproblem.:Thewaythat/which/×heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.（作賓語）他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡單。Thewaythat/inwhich/×heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.（作賓語）他向我們解釋句子的那種方法并不難理解。Ex:表示……的……時(shí)可以有三種方式：例如：封面是白色的書(在定語從句中whose可以指人的…和物的…)…thebookwhosecoveriswhite…/…thebookthecoverofwhichiswhite…/…thebookofwhichthecoveriswhite(2)先行詞是time時(shí)，若time表示“次數(shù)”時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，that可省略；若表示“一段時(shí)間”時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/during+which引導(dǎo)定語從句。.Thisisthesecondtime(that)thePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.Icouldhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)Ihavefailedinexams.我不記得我考試有多少次失敗了。Thiswasatatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,notelephonesornoTVsets.7.定語從句的主謂一致（1）關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語時(shí)，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致，先行詞是個(gè)句子時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。.Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishome-made.I,whoamyourclassmate,willsharetheworkwithyou.(2)“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”位于關(guān)系代詞前作先行詞時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù);但當(dāng)one前有the(only),the(very)等修飾時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.Mr.Wangisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhohasbeeninvitedtohavedinnerwithus.王先生是我的唯一一位被邀請(qǐng)與我們共進(jìn)晚餐的朋友。TheGreatWallisoneoftheworld-famousbuildingthatdrawlotsofvisitors.長城是吸引大批游客的偉大建筑物之一。TheGreatWallisthe(only)oneofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthemoon.長城是地球上唯一一個(gè)從月球上可以看到的建筑物。nottheonlyoneof…..=onlyoneof.Tomisn’ttheonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.通過考試的男孩，Tom并非唯一。=Tomisonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.Tom只是通過了考試的男孩子們中的一個(gè)（不是唯一）。(3)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí)，若as與which作主語，則從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.Hehaspassedthecollegeentranceexamination,whichmakeshisparentsquitehappy.Ⅴas引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞as既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，又可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，as在從句中做主語、賓語、表語。as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。(1)such+名詞+as……“像…..一樣的”“像……之類”thesame+名詞+as……“和…….同樣的”其中關(guān)系代詞as在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語.Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(as作主語)我們已經(jīng)找到了像他們公產(chǎn)里用的那種材料。Suchpeopleasyoudescribearethoughttobefoolsnowadays.(as作賓語)當(dāng)今像你描述的這種人被看作傻瓜。Heisnotthesamemanashewas.(as作表語)※※當(dāng)先行詞被thesame所修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞既可以用as，也可以用that。That表示同一事物；as表示同一種類。.ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.這就是我昨天用過的那臺(tái)儀器。ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.這臺(tái)儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺(tái)一樣。※在抽象概念上，同種類和同一事物是沒有絕對(duì)區(qū)別的，所以兩個(gè)詞可換用：Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.這里要注意的是：(1)使用as時(shí)，它引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的動(dòng)詞可以省略，但使用that時(shí)，定語從句中的動(dòng)詞不可省略。如：Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.(2)在“thesame…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that只是用來加強(qiáng)語氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)“相同”。that可以省去而不改變句子原意，甚至連名詞前的same也可以省去。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.=ThisisthesameinstrumentIusedyesterday.=ThisistheinstrumentIusedyesterday.但在“thesame…as”結(jié)構(gòu)中，same和as都不能省略。(3)當(dāng)“thesame…that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的that作為關(guān)系副詞用時(shí)，不可以直接與as互換。.HelivesinthesamebuildingthatIlive.=Helivesinthesamebuildingas/thatIlivein.Shallwemeetatthesameplacethatwelastmet?=Shallwemeetatthesameplacethat/aswelastmetat?（4）……suchas……(當(dāng)先行詞前有such,so,as時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用as)such為代詞“這樣的人或物”,as在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分,修飾先行詞such.ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.(as作賓語)這不是一本我所希望的書。Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesn’tunderstand.一個(gè)聰明男人很少會(huì)談這些他不懂的事物。HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand.他用這樣人都能聽懂的簡單英語說話。Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.Let’sdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.讓我們討論這些能夠自由談?wù)摰氖虑椤Ａ硇枳⒁猓篢hisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.（定語從句）這本書用初學(xué)者都懂懂的簡單英語寫成。ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstand.（結(jié)果狀語從句）這本書用如此簡單的英語寫成以至于初學(xué)者都懂。關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。(1)相同的是兩者都可代指主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容，而不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞。(2)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,既可以在主句前,又可在主句后,有時(shí)還可插入主句中,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能位于主句后。.Heturnedouttobeverysuccessful,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Asisknowntoall,Edisoninventedthetelephone.=Edisoninventedthetelephone,asisknowntoall.=Edison,asisknowntoall,inventedthetelephone.(3)當(dāng)先行次受such,thesame修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as.I’veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.(4)as在從句中作主語時(shí)，后面常接行為動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如beknown,besaid,bereported等；如果行為動(dòng)詞是主