08.2022GLOBALELECTRICMOBILITYREADINESSINDEX—GEMRIX2022ExaminingthetransformationtoEVmobility2GLOBALANALYSISFOREWORD43.MARKETREADINESS12CUSTOMERREADINESS14ESSMENTREADINESS7.THENEXTSTEPS20DR.ANDREASSCHLOSSERBARNIKMAITRADR.PHILIPPSEIDELPartner,GlobalLeadAutomotiveManagingPartnerPrincipal,AutomotiveGermanyIndia&SouthAsiaCentralEuropeschlosser.andreas@maitra.barnik@seidel.philipp@FABIANSEMPFLUCALENZCHIRAGTIBREWALPrincipal,LocalLeadAutomotiveBusinessAnalyst,AutomotiveBusinessAnalyst,AutomotiveIndiaCentralEuropeIndiasempf.fabian@lenz.luca@tibrewal.chirag@RAJATMAHESHWARISIDDHANTGUPTAPRATHAMESHCHAUDHARIBusinessAnalyst,AutomotiveBusinessAnalyst,AutomotiveManager,AutomotiveIndiamaheshwari.rajat@gupta.siddhant@chaudhari.prathamesh@WewouldliketoacknowledgeallthosewhocontributedinthereviewofthisReport,especially:HirotakaUchida,YumaIto,AkshayPrasad,HanhNguyen,MasayukiAou,JuanShi,BillReeves,AgustinCompagnucci,andJohannesHerr.3COUNTRYANALYSISUKRANKUS34RANKJAPAN36CONCLUSION544REPORT:08.2022RDAcceleratedbytheincreasingthreatofclimatechange,interestinelectricmobilityhasescalatedoverthelastfouryears,bothwithincompaniesandacrosssocieties.Atthesametime,legislativeandsocietalpressureoncompaniestocounterclimatechangethroughnewproducts,processes,andpurposehasgrownaswell.Thecombinationofthesedrivershavemovede-mobilitytopicsupthestrategicagendaforautomotiveexecutivesaroundtheglobe.Despitethematureglobalizationoftheautomotiveindustry,marketsandtheirrequirementsdiffersignificantlyaroundtheworld.Thesedifferencesmustbewellunderstoodtosuccessfullyimplementa“onceinacentury”disruptionlikethechangefromfossilliquidenergytoelectricenergy—thechangefrommoleculestoelectrons.Toassistexecutivesinautomotiveorganizationsofallkindsaroundtheworld,ArthurD.Little(ADL)hassetupamethodologytoevaluatethe“readiness”ofmarketsforelectricmobility.Thestandardizedapproachanddetailedanalysisofkeymarketdriversforelectricvehicles(EVs)enablesasolidunderstandingofthecurrentsituation,andastandardizedapproachandevaluationmetricsallowforcomparisonsacrossmarketsofoverallreadiness.InthisReport,weprovideanoverviewofthekeyresultsofthe2022editionofthe“BEVReadinessStudy,”whichADLfirstcarriedoutin2018.Dr.AndreasSchlosserPartner,GlobalLead,Automotive5ARTHURD.LITTLE6REPORT:08.2022EXECUTIVESUMMARYKEYFINDINGSE-MOBILITYMARKETREADINESSSPREADSWITHEVsGAININGGROUNDTherehasbeenamassivejumpinEVadoptionworldwideduringthelasttwoyears.Norwayhasemergedastheleader,followedbythreedistinctgroupsofcountries.AllcountriesaremovingtoincreaseEVadoption,followingsimilarpatternsbutwithdifferencesintimebyafewyears,assomestartedearlierthanothers.Wediscerndifferencesbetweenglobalmarketsprimarilyinspecificlegislationandtoalesserextentinsocioeconomicfactors.(Incountrieswithhigherincome,forexample,environmentprotectionplaysacrucialrole,whileincountrieswithloweraverageincome,costistheprimarydeterminingfactor.)NorwayleadsinEVadoptionwithascoreof115inthe2022ADLGlobalElectricMobilityReadinessIndex(GEMRIX2022).NextcometheAmbitiousFollowers—China,Germany,UK,andSingapore—whereallprerequisitesforEVmobilityareinplaceandEVsareonthevergeofbecomingmainstream.ThesecountriesarefollowedbytheEmergingEVMarkets:US,Japan,UAE,andThailand.Here,EVsarestillinferiortocarswithaninternalcombustionengine(ICE),eventhoughcustomersarebecomingmorecomfortablewiththeideaofEVsasinfrastructureisrampingup.Lastly,theStarters—Mexico,India,Brazil,Indonesia,Vietnam,andSouthAfrica—havejustenteredthegameandfacemajorchallengesincostsandinfrastructure.Amongthosebenchmarked,NorwayistheonlycountrywithanEVsalesshareofmorethan50%.AmongAmbitiousFollowers,EVshaveacomparativelylowshareofapproximately15%-25%.Leadingmarketshavearangeofmodels,withsixcountrieshavingmorethan75,ledbyNorwayandGermany.However,forgloballyactingOEMs,thereisnoone-size-fits-allsolution.Manufacturersneedtoensuresupplywhilecraftingindividualsalesstrategiesforcountries,basedonthereadinessofeachmarket.ARTHURD.LITTLERegardingCustomerReadiness,costisoneofthemost,ifnotthemost,importantdriversofEVadoption.ThisposesachallengeindevelopingcountriesasEVpricesarestillhighandincomeiscomparativelylow.Thus,OEMsneedtodecreasecostswhilegovernmentsneedtocreateincentivestopavetheroadtosuccessandallowcustomerstoenjoyelectricmobility.IntermsofInfrastructureReadiness,battlingrangeanxiety—thefearthatavehicle’sbatterywillnothavesufficientchargetoreachthedestination—isakeyissue.DCchargersaretherightbet,astheylowerchargetime,areperfectlysuitedtohighways,anddecreaserangeanxiety.ChargingindustryplayersshouldfocusontheEmergingEVMarkets—asthesecountriesareabouttosolvethechicken-eggproblem(i.e.,determiningwhichmustbeinplacefirst,infrastructureorEVs),iftheyhaven’talreadydoneso,andgovernmentsarepushinginfrastructurebuildupandplayerscanwinlarge-scalecontracts.GovernmentReadinesshingesonagovernment’swillingnesstotakethefirststepbyintroducingwideincentivesforpurchasingvehicles.CustomersshouldnotpayapremiumforEVs.Moreover,governmentsneedtoreducethetotalcostofownership(TCO)byintroducingincentivesforvehicleusage.PromotingEVadoptioninEmergingEVMarketsandStarterMarketswillgivecharginginfrastructureplayerstheincentivetoenteracountry,creatingareinforcingspiralofEVadoption.BettingonEVisnolongerariskygamble,andthepredictabilityoftheEVmarketiscontinuingtogrow.Theonlymajordriverthatcannotbefullypredictedisgovernmentpolicy.However,makingreasonableassumptionsaboutthiswillgivetheindustryinallcountriesfirmgroundonwhichtobasetheirplanning.8benchmarkREPORT:08.2022benchmark1.GLOBALE-MOBILITYREADINESSDISTRIBUTIONMarketsworldwideareatthreelevelsofreadiness;onlyNorwayhasachieved“fullreadiness”Weareinthemidstofaparadoxofelectricmobility:Norway,acountrythatbecamerichbydrillingforandexportingfossilfuels,istheonlymarketworldwidethatisalreadyfullyEVready.Withascoreof115ontheGEMRIX2022,EVistheclearchoiceinNorway.TheindexisdesignedtocomparethemarketconditionsforEVandICE-drivenvehicles.AnEVreadinessscoreof100meansthatinagivencountryitisequallybeneficialtobuyandoperateanEVasonewithanICE.HighervaluesindicateadvantagesforEVs,whilelowerscoresmeanbenefitsforICEs.1.China,Germany,UK,andSingaporeareAmbitiousFollowers,witharound80points.Inthesecountries,switchingtoEVisnolongerjustanoptionforsomeenthusiasticpioneers;rather,it’sbecomingavalidchoiceforthemassmarket.Inthenearfuture,allfourcountrieshaveaconcisepoliticalagendatoreachequalitybetweenEVandICE.Drivenbythisagenda,theindustryisgearingupintherespectivecountries.Consequently,consumershaveseenamajorjumpinrecentyearsinthenumberofavailableEVsandchargepoints.TherestofthebenchmarkedcountriesfollowingNorwaycanbebroadlycategorizedintothreeclustersastotheirreadiness(seeFigure1):Figure1.GlobalElectricMobilityReadinessIndex—GEMRIX2022800204060100800204060100120NorwayChinaGermanySingaporeUKAmbitiousFollowers Japan ThailandEmergingEVMarketsMexicoIndia Brazil Indonesia VietnamSouthAfricaStartersMacroCustomerEVreadinessTCO®ulationSource:ArthurD.LittleEVmarket/landscapePubliccharginginfrastructureARTHURD.LITTLE2.TheEmergingEVMarketsweseeintheUS,Japan,UAE,andThailandhavescoresbetween40and60.ThesemarketsstillshowsignificantdrawbacksfinanciallyaswellasineaseofoperationforEVoverICE.However,allofthemareinvestingheavilyinelectricmobilityandwilllikelycatchupsoon.TheUSplaysaspecialroleinthisgroup.AsthehomeofEVpioneerslikeTeslaventureouttoelectrifytheworld,theUSscoredroughly10pointsoverothercountriesinthisgroup.TheUSisinauniqueposition,astheprerequisitesforEVinEastandWestCoaststatesareverygood,whileinlargepartsofthecountryandmuchofthepopulation,especiallyinthecentralstates,ICEcarsremaintheemotionallyandeconomicallypreferredoption.3.Finally,weseeagroupofStartercountries,comprisedofMexico,India,Brazil,Indonesia,Vietnam,andSouthAfrica.Inthesecountries,electricmobilityisbeginningtoentertheconversation;however,giventheirsocioeconomicposition,EVsarenotapriorityamongpoliticiansseekingelection.Inthesecountries,choiceofvehicleisdrivenmorebycostandutilityconsiderationsthanbygreenaspects.Accordingly,weseeanuptakeinareaswhereTCOofEVstartstobeequalorevenbetterthanICE.Currently,thisappearsinthetwo-andthree-wheelerspace,whichinthoseStarterMarketsaccountsforasignificantshareoftheoverallmarket.Forexample,inFY2022,46%ofthree-wheelerssoldwerealreadyelectricinIndia.1NORWAYISTHEONLYCOUNTRYWHEREBENEFICIALTHANUnsurprisingly,weseesignificantprogressinEVreadinessinallthebenchmarkedcountries.However,reasonsforthisuptake(andforholdbacks)areverydifferentpercountry.Inthefollowingchapters,wetakeacloserlookintospecificareasthatareimportantforEVreadinessandcomparethedifferentpositionsofthebenchmarkedcountries.Wefollowupwithdeeperinsightsintoeachmarkettobetterunderstandthespecificsituationsformanufacturers,customers,andotherplayersalongthevaluechain.1Banerji,Sumant.“TheHustleIsOn:EVsCorner46%of3Ws;Over2.5%ofAllAutomobileSalesinIndiainFY22.”TheEconomicTimes,9April2022.10REPORT:08.20222.E-MOBILITYREADINESSFACTORSTheoverallEVreadinessofamarketisdefinedbyfourseparatereadinessfactorsStudyingglobalEVmarkets,wefindthatmarketreadinessandEVadoptionaredrivenbydifferentfactorsindifferentregions.Insomemarkets,environmentalfriendlinessiskey,whileinothers,easeofuse(orthelackthereof)isthemainfactorinadoption.Manycountries,especiallythoseintheStartergroup,primarilyfocusoncost,whichhasdifferentaspects.Tosummarize,thefollowingfourmainfactorsofreadinessdriveEVadoption:(1)market,(2)customer,(3)infrastructure,and(4)government.Weusedthesereadinessfactorsasaframeworkforouranalysis.1.MARKETREADINESSIndustryplayersineachcountrycontributesignificantlytotheattractivenessofEVstocustomers.ThenumberofvehiclesofferedandhowtheyarebroughttomarketcansparktheinterestofconsumersorcanpreventthemfromeventhinkingaboutEViftheofferisnotattractive.Thisinvolvesacombinationoffactors,includingthenumberofproductsofferedandthesegmentscoveredbythem,productquality,designandconceptcreativity,aswellaspricing.MARKETREADINESSANDEVADOPTIONAREDRIVENBYDIFFERENTFACTORSINDIFFERENTREGIONS2.CUSTOMERREADINESSHowreadyacustomeristobuyanelectricvehicledoesnothingeonlyonobjectivefactorsliketheavailabilityofhomechargingpoints.Itisalsoaverysubjectivematter,influencedbythegeneralperceptionofEVsandpersonalpreferences.Forthisstudy,welookedatthehardfactsandthepredominantsocioeconomicconditionsineachcountrytoassesscustomerreadiness.ARTHURD.LITTLE3.INFRASTRUCTUREREADINESSInfrastructurereadinessprimarilycomesdowntotheavailabilityandperformanceofchargingoptions(i.e.,thenumber,distribution,andqualityofpublicchargepoints).Eveninthebenchmarkmarket,Norway,mostEVchargingstilloccursthroughprivateoptionstoday.However,adensepublicinfrastructurelowerspsychologicalbarriersforcustomersandincreasesEVusability.Itisalsoapreconditiontoreachcustomersegmentswithoutprivateparkingandchargingopportunities(whosedemandforEVwillreducetheshareofhomecharginginthefuture).Toevaluateinfrastructurereadiness,wealsoinvestigatedchargingpower(AC,DC,andhigh-powercharging)inadditiontothepurenumberoffacilitiesavailable.Finally,wetookgeographicaldistributionintoaccount.Intheend,eventhebestinner-citychargingnetworkdoesnothelpwhentravelinglongdistances.4.GOVERNMENTREADINESSLegislativeandregulatorybodiesplayacentralroleinshapingthemarketforEVs.TheentireecosystemaroundICEvehicleshasevolvedandwasoptimizedformorethanacentury,supportedbyunimaginableinvestmentsandsubsidies.Withoutspecificincentivesandlegislativeinterventions,itisnexttoimpossibletoovercomethisheadstartinthetimerequiredforclimateprotection.DifferentgovernmentsfounddifferentapproachestoincentivizeEVsand/ordisincentivizeICEvehicles,whichweanalyzedintermsoftheirimplementationandeffectiveness.Together,thesefourfactorsprovideanoverviewofEVreadinessineachcountry,notonlyinarrivingattheiroverallreadinessscorebutalsoingaininginsightsintothemeasuresneededtoincreaseEVreadiness.WediscussthelatterlaterinthisReportinthechapter“TheNextSteps.”REPORT:08.20223.MARKETREADINESSCompetitioninEVskyrocketedlasttwoyears,providingcustomerswithprogressivelybetteroptionsThedynamicsofEVmarketsgloballyhaveprovedtobeveryvolatile.WhilejusttwoyearsagotheEVmarketoutsideChinawasdominatedbyemergingplayers(withTeslaleadingtheway),manyincumbentOEMshavesinceracedtoovertakethem(seeFigure2).GermanOEMsareagoodexampleofthisvolatility.Upto2019,theyonlyreluctantlyintroducedEVs.CustomersinterestedinelectriccarsofanewkindlargelyhadtoturntoTesla.Startingin2020,however,pushedbygovernmentinitiativesandthepressureofcominglatetothisimportantfuturemarket,GermanOEMsrapidlyintroducednewall-electriclinesandmodels.Mercedes-BenzintroduceditsEQlineandVolkswagentheID,Audiexpandeditse-tronbrand,whileBMWiexperiencedarebirthwithmoremodelsnexttothei3.WithalldomesticOEMsofferingEVs,GermanyjumpedtothesecondpositionbehindNorwayinthenumberofavailableEVmodels,with158.MarketssuchastheUKandtheUSsawaverysimilaruptake,asmajorUSOEMs—includingFordandGM—alsoelectrifiedtheirmainstreammodellines.Plug-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEVs)haveplayedanimportantroleinEVadoptioninearlymarketphases(e.g.,Norway,theNetherlands,andGermany).However,commonly,itisashiftincustomerdemandandvehiclesupplytowardpurelybatteryelectricvehicles(BEVs)thatmarkamaturingEVmarket.Effectively,afallingnumberofPHEVmodelswithanoverallgrowingpreferenceforEVsisastrongsignofamorematureEVmarket.WeforeseethisasadevelopmentforStartercountriesaswell.Brazil,Indonesia,Vietnam,andSouthAfrica,forexample,haveaveryhighshareofPHEVstoday,whichwilldeclineovertime.Figure2.Numberofmodellinesoffered16079804540302929NorwayChinaGermanySingaporeSource:ArthurD.LittleUKUKBatteryelectricvehiclesUAEThailandMexicoIndiaPlug-inhybridelectricvehicleBrazilIndonesiaVietnamSouthAfricaARTHURD.LITTLEHowever,weseeamuchdifferentstoryinthedevelopingmarkets:Thailand,Mexico,India,Brazil,Indonesia,Vietnam,andSouthAfrica.Indiaillustratesthedynamicsinthesemarkets:with40differenttypesofvehiclesonoffer,customersenjoyagoodvariety.Nevertheless,thisismainlyinthetwo-andthree-wheelerspace.WhileprivatecarsinIndiadonotyethaveasignificantshareoftheEVmarket,scootersandcommercialthree-wheelersforlogisticsandtransportserviceshaveamassiveuptake.Significantcompetitionhasdeveloped,drivingpricesdownandqualityup.Productionofelectricscootersandthree-wheelershasreachedlarge-scaleefforts;electrictwo-andthree-wheelersalesgrewat460%2and102%,3respectively,inFY2022.ThecostadvantageofwaivingICEsledtoverycompetitivesalesprices.Combinedwiththerecentincreaseinoilprices,thetotalcostofoperatingelectrictwo-andthree-wheelersismuchlowerthanthatofothervehicles,whichisthemostimportantfactorinthesecountries.ELECTRICVEHICLESsLg本g八g‘bLgqeeb‘e本g「.寫EoLecg2本!uabeue本Lg本!ouoLE「ec本L!clMo-Mpee「eL2!uIuq!g:VBo本本o山-nbVug「入2!2.寫lIEVC\MIlIV‘1nues0ss.2BgueL目!‘2n山gu本.寫lpeHn2本「eI2Ou:E八2CoLueL寸e於oL2M2:O八eLs.2於oLV「「Vn本o山op!「e2g「e2!uIuq!g!uE人ss.寫TheEconomicTimes‘?VbL!「s0ss.14REPORT:08.2022TOMERREADINESSPricevs.purchasingpowerandaccesstocharginginfrastructureareglobaldriversofcustomerreadinessBroadlyspeaking,thereadinessofcustomerstobuyanEVisdeterminedbytheirwillingnessandabilitytodoso.Abilitycomesdowntoaccessibilityandprice.EventhoughthepricesofEVshavefallen,investinginavehicleinmanycountriesremainsamajorundertaking—evenmoresointhecaseofanEV(seeFigure3).InThailand,forexample,theaverageyearlyincomeisUS$5,716.ThismarketoffersavarietyofICEcarsinthepricerangeofUS$9,000-$12,000,acostbarelyaffordableformany.ThecheapestEVcarinThailandstartsatjustbelowUS$30,000.Atthatprice,electricfour-wheelersarenotaccessiblebythegeneralpublic.Intwo-wheelers,however,pricesaremuchmoreattractive.AnICEscooterstartsatapproximatelyUS$900andanelectricscooterisavailableatalmostthesameprice.Additionally,thescootercanbechargedusingastandardhouseholdplug,whileacarwouldrequiretheinstallationofawallboxorapublicchargingpole,anadditionalhurdlefortheaveragecustomerinThailand.Thetopicofchargingnaturallyleadstoaccessibility.InADL’sstudy,weseeacorrelationbetweentheshareofpopulationlivinginurbanareasandEVreadiness.LackofaccesstopubliccharginginfrastructureisamassivehurdletotheadoptionofEV.Globally,thedensityofpublicchargingpointsinruralareasisnowherenearthedensityofpetrolstations.WithmostEVsstilloflowerrangeascomparedtotheirICEcounterparts,countrieswithalargeruralpopulationhaveasignificantchallengetosolve,asisveryvisibleinIndiaandVietnam.Again,thishurdleismuchlesspronouncedfortwo-wheelers,whichcaneffectivelybechargedusingstandardhouseholdpowerlines.ConcernsaboutenvironmentalprotectionplaythesecondmostimportantroleinreadinesstobuyanEV.WeseeaclearcorrelationbetweenEVreadinessandenvironmentalawareness,asmeasuredprimarilybythenumberofgovernmentalactivitiesandthenumberofyearssincethoseactivitieswereintroduced.WhilethisaspectisveryimportantinNorwayandGermany,inacountrylikeIndiaitonlyreachesaverysmallgroupofcustomers.Furthermorethe“coolness”ofdrivinganelectriccarisadeterminingfactor—again,primarilyinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Insummary,GDPandincomelevelsindicateifamarketisdrivenprimarilybycostorifsocietaltrendslikeenvironmentalprotectionplayarole.Figure3.DemographicconditionsaffectingEVreadinessacrosscountries00000000000100%92%88%87%84%83%88%87%84%83%78% 67%64%68.568.558%59.55359.553.353.550.853.353.550.835%2.22.02.2GDPpercapita[kUSD]AveragenetincomepercapitaShareofurbanpopulationSouthAfrica100%80%60%40%20%0%-20%ARTHURD.LITTLE1516REPORT:08.20225.INFRASTRUCTUREREADINESSGovernmentsupportisnecessarytokickstartdevelopmentofpubliccharginginfrastructureBeforemarketsolutionsandentrepreneurialplayersforcharginginfrastructurecanarise,governmentsneedtoinvesttosupportdevelopment(seeFigure4).TheexperiencefromleadingmarketslikeNorwayandChinashowshowgovernmentalprogramspowered—andarestillpowering—theexpansionofcharginginfrastructure.BeforecompaniesbecameactiveandEVsrolledoverstreetsinhighnumbers,theNorwegiangovernmentimplementeda€7millionprogramforkick-startingitscharginginfrastructurerollout,resultinginnearly2,000chargepointsby2011.Additionally,Norwaysupportedfundingforhousingassociationstoinstallprivatechargepointsearly.Chinafollowsasimilarapproach—themorethan1millionchargersitboaststodayweremainlybuiltandoperatedbythegovernmentorthroughstateorganizationsandcompanies.Figure4.Publiccharginginfrastructure(GEMRIXpoints)CharginginfrastructureiscriticalforcustomeradoptionofEVs.IntheUS,30%ofrespondentstoaForbespollsaidtherearetoofewchargingstationsavailable,hintingattheproblemofrangeanxiety.4IntheUS,onlyaround6,000fastchargingstationsareinstalledsofar(1,400ofthemexclusivetoTesla)comparedtotheroughly260,000kmofhighwaynetwork.Thiscouldbewhybatteryelectricvehicle(BEV)salesshareintheUSwasatlessthan4%in2021.5However,thecurrentUSadministrationhasimplementedaUS$5billionprogramtoinstall500,000morechargepointsoverthenextfiveyears.NorwaySingaporeChinaGermanyJapanThailandIndiaIndonesiaVietnamMexicoSouthAfricaBrazilThird-partyhighwayHPCnetworkperformance/densityHighwaychargingstationCAGR2020–2025DCpublic/destinationchargingpointsCAGRACpublicchargingnetwork/ACdestinationchargingCAGRSource:ArthurD.LittleThird-partyhighwayDCnetworkDCpublic/destinationchargingpoints(non-highway)inrelevantareaACpublicchargingnetwork/ACdestinationcharging4Howard,Bill.“Survey:23%ofAmericansWouldConsiderEVasNextCar.”ForbesWheels,8October2021.5Fischer,Justin.“ElectricVehicleSalesandMarketShare.”YAA,26April2022.ARTHURD.LITTLEFASTCHARGINGREQUIREDWhileinembryonicEVmarketstheavailabilityofprivatechargingathomeoratworkplacesisthekeyenabler,everysignificantstep-upinamarket’sEVadoptionrequirespubliccharginginfrastructure.Onlyadense-enoughandeasy-to-usepubliccharginginfrastructureenableslong-distancetravelbyEVandopensthemarkettothosecustomerswithoutaccesstoprivateovernightparkingwithelectricpowersupply.BecausethelackofpublicchargingisthegreatesthurdleinstartingEVmarkets,andthecostsofinfrastructuresetupandchargingplayamajorrole,ACchargingupto22kWwasthefirstchoiceinearlyEVmarkets.Whilethesechargingspeedsaresufficientforsmallbatterypacksandchargingusecasesthatallowforseveralhoursofcharging,theyfailinenroutechargingandlocationswithhighandcontinuouschargingdemand.WeobservedthatDCchargingbecomesthepreferredchoiceinagrowingnumberofpublicchargingusecases,includingdestination,curbside,andenroutehighwaycharging,wheremaximumoutputscanreachupto300kWcurrently.OnlyDCchargingpowersofaround100kWandaboveenableaquickrefillfordrivingdistancesgreaterthan50kminanhourorless.Norway,Singapore,theUAE,andJapanscorehighintheindexfortheirpublicDCcharginginfrastructures,whiletheUK,Germany,andthegroupofStartermarketsareAC-heavybeyondthemainhighwayconnections.ChangingexistinginfrastructuretoDCorcreatingasufficientdensityofDCchargepointswillrequiresignificantinvestmentsinthosemarketsoverthenextyears.StartermarketspreparingforthefirstwaveofEVscanleapfrogtoDCcharginginpublicspaces.REPORT:08.20226.GOVERNMENTREADINESSSubsidiesdirectlyimpactEVreadinessofacountryAsseeninthecustomerreadinessanalysisabove,priceisthemostimportantfactorforcustomerdecisionsbetweenICEandEV.ICEvehicleshavehadaheadstartofmorethanacenturyinoptimizingproductionatscaleandinbuildinganecosystem,allowingcustomerstobuyandoperatevehiclesaffordablyandconveniently.Therefore,legislatorshaveintroducedvariousEVincentivestocompensateforeconomicdisadvantages,whichcanbeclusteredintothreebroadcategories:1.Salesp