UNIT2

TOPICS

TEXTBasicComponentsofaModernComputer

EXERCISES

SUPPLEMENTARYHowtoBuyaComputer

CONVERSATIONBusinessEtiquettesforWesternWRITINGHowtoWriteaPerfectProfessionalE-mailinEnglishTOPICS

Whatarethebasiccomponentsofamoderncomputer?

WhatistheroleofCPUinaPC?HowdoestheCPUwork?WhatisdualcoreCPU?WhatisthemainjobofthemotherboardsinaPC?Whatarethetypesofmotherboards?Whycouldwesaytheharddiskisthe“datacenter”ofthePC?WhatisRAM?Situationalconversationsondining.HowtowriteaperfectprofessionalE-mailinEnglish?

Computersarecomposedoftwobasicspecifications,hardwareandsoftware.Hardwareconsistsoftheactualphysicalpartsofthemachine.Hardwarecanpertaintomanydifferentthingsincluding:theCPU,memory,harddrive,mouse,keyboard,motherboard,etc.Sohardwarereferstoaphysicalpieceofacomputer.Thekeyideaisthattheitemissomethingyoucantouch.Thiscomparestosoftwarewhichisnottangibleinanyway.Youcan’tpickituporweighit.TEXT

BasicComponentsofaModernComputerCPU—CentralProcessingUnit

ThinkoftheCPUasthe“Brain”ofacomputerandofallyourhardware.Itisindeedresponsibleforinterpretingandexecutingmostofthecommandsfromthecomputer’shardwareandsoftware.Itsjobisdeceptivelysimple—toexecuteprograms.Keepinmindthataprogramissimplyasequenceofstoredinstructions.However,theprocessofretrievingdata,decodingit,executingit,andstoringtheresults,isfarfromsimple.ItinvolvesmanydifferentpartsoftheCPU;eachspecializedtohandleaspecificjob.Ontopofthat,thesesimplestepsarebrokenintomanysmalleroperationsandhavebeenextensivelymodifiedandaddedtoinordertoimproveperformance.MotherboardorMainboard

ThemotherboardandtheCPUarethemostimportanthardwarecomponents.ThemotherboardcontainsslotsfortheCPU,memory,andI/Odevices.Thecoreofeachmainboardisapairofchipscollectivelyreferredtoas“theChipSet”.Theysitinthemiddleofthemainboardandareconnectedtoeverythingelse.Incurrentdesigns,onechipcalledtheNorthbridgesitsbetweenandconnectsthethreehighspeeddevices:CPU,memory,andPCIExpressorAGPvideoport.ItisthenconnectedtoasecondchipcalledtheSouthbridgethatprovideslogicforalltheslowspeeddevices:thekeyboard,mouse,modemport,printerport,IDEcontroller,PCI,USB,andanyotherdevices.Themotherboardisattachedtoatrayinthebottomorsideofthecasebyninescrewsthatscrewintometal“standoffs”thatkeepthebottomofthemainboardasafedistancefromthemetalofthecase.Everythingelseplugsintothemainboard.HardDisk

Theharddiskisalsoaveryimportantpieceofhardware.Theharddiskdriveinyoursystemisthe“datacenter”ofthePC.Itisherethatallofyourprogramsanddataarestoredbetweentheoccasionsthatyouusethecomputer.YourharddiskarethemostimportantofthevarioustypesofpermanentstorageusedinPCs(theothersbeingfloppydisksandotherstoragemediasuchasCD-ROMs,tapes,removabledrives,etc.)Theharddiskdiffersfromtheothersprimarilyinthreeways:size(usuallylarger),speed(usuallyfaster)andpermanence(usuallyfixedinthePCandnotremovable).RAM—RandomAccessMemory

ComputermemoryiscalledRAM.CertainmotherboardsonlyworkwithcertaintypesofRAM.BecauseRAMistemporarymemory,orrandomaccessmemory,itisnotusedinthesamewayyourharddriveisused.WhenyouopenanewapplicationorwindowthedataistransferredbyCPUintotheRAM.YourcomputerthenrunstheprogramfromRAMsothatyoucaneasilyaccessfilesandfolders.

IfaprogramorfileistoolargetofitinRAM,theoverflowisstoredinvirtualmemory.InWindows,virtualmemoryiscalledthepagingfileorswap.ThelessRAMthatyourcomputerhasthemorepagingisused,whichultimatelycausesasystemslowdown.MoreRAMwillgiveyoubetterperformanceandfasterspeed.KeyboardandMouse

Userslikeyouwillneedadevicesuchasakeyboardtoenteryourwordsandcommandsforthecomputer.Eachtimeyoutypeakeyonthekeyboard,itsendsasignalthroughthecircuitunderneathcalledKeyMatrixCircuittothecomputer.TheconnectionfromakeyboardtothecomputerisaccomplishedwithacabletoaPS/2orUSBconnection.

Anothermajorcomponentisthemouse,whichismostlyusedforclickingabutton,checkbox,optionbox,ortonavigatearoundthescreenonthemonitor.Therearebasicallyballmouse,opticalmouse,andlasermousetypes.Aballmouseisamousewitharoundballunderthecasing,movingthemouseonamousepadwillrotatetheballandthensendthesignaltothecomputerforthenavigation.Anopticalorlasermousebothuseopticaltosendsignaltothecomputer,thedifferenceisanopticalmouseuseslight-emittingdiodeorphotodiodetodetectthemovement,whilelasermouseusesinfraredlaserdiodetosensethemotions.

Ⅰ.Matchthetermsandtheinterpretations.1.?PowerSupplyUnit(PSU)(a)Aspecializedcircuitdesignedtorapidlymanipulateandaltermemoryinsuchawaysoastoacceleratethebuildingofimagesinaframebufferintendedforoutputtoadisplay.EXERCISES2.?Multi-CoreProcessor(b)?Aspecificationtoestablishcommunicationbetweendevicesandahostcontroller(usuallyapersonalcomputer),whichhaseffectivelyreplacedavarietyofearlierinterfacessuchasserialandparallelports.3.?UniversalSerialBus(USB)(c)Asinglecomputingcomponentwithtwoormoreindependentactualprocessors(called“cores”),whicharetheunitsthatreadandexecuteprograminstructions.4.GraphicsProcessingUnit(GPU)(d)Therowsandcolumnsaremadeupofwiring.Depressingakeyconnectsacircuitinthematrix,whichcausesthetonegenerationmechanismtobetriggered.5.?KeyMatrixCircuit(e)Itpowersallthecomputer'smaincomponents.Ⅱ.ArethefollowingstatementsTrue(T)orFalse(F)?

1.()Withthedevelopmentofcomputer,thephysicalsizeoftheCPUhasoftenbecomebiggerandbigger.

2.()Portablecomputerscanfitinabriefcaseoreveninthepalmofyourhand.

3.()ThepurposeofacacheistoenabletheCPUtoaccessrecentlyusedinformationveryquickly.

4.()TheCPUcomprisesthecontrolunitandthememory.

5.()ThemovementofelectronicsignalsbetweenmainmemoryandtheALUaswellasthecontrolsignalbetweentheCPUandinput/outputdevicesarecontrolledbythecontrolunitoftheCPU.

6.()Thecontrolunitperformsallthearithmeticandlogical(comparison)functions.

7.()TheCentralProcessingUnit(CPU)istheheartofthecomputersystems.

8.()Amotherboardistheelectronichighwaysfortheelectroniccurrentstoobtainfromamoduletoanothermodule.

9.()Theintegratedstyleofmotherboardincludesmanycomponentsontheboarditself.

10.()Thepurposeofoutputhardwareistocollectdataandconvertitintoaformsuitableforcomputerprocessing.Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingwordsandphrasesintoChinese.Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingChinesestatementsintoEnglish.1.輸入硬件的用途是收集數(shù)據(jù)，并將其轉(zhuǎn)換成適合于計算機加工處理的格式。

2.如果計算機有一個設(shè)計優(yōu)良的CPU，那么你就能在極短的時間內(nèi)，執(zhí)行高度復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。

3.手冊上說這個播放器需要32位的聲卡。

4.計算機的主存容量越大，你能完成的任務(wù)就越多。

5.我的鼠標(biāo)好像不怎么好用。Ⅴ.Canyourecognizethem?Writedowntheirnames.Figure1()

Figure2()Figure3()

Figure4()Figure5()Figure6()Figure7()

Figure8()Figure9()

Figure10()Figure11()

Figure12()Figure13()

Figure14()SUPPLEMENTARY

HowtoBuyaComputer

Buyingacomputermeansinvestigatingmanyfeatures:RAM(Random-AccessMemory),processorspeed,graphicscapability,harddiskspaceandsoon.Here’showtostart.Thingsyou’llneedHardware:

CPU(ComputerProcessingUnit)CD-ROMDrivesCD-RWBurners…

DVD-ROMDriveRAMComputerKeyboardsComputerMice

ComputerMonitorsComputerSpeakersPrintersHardDisksModems

FloppyDiskDriveSoundCards…Software:

MicrosoftWindowsMicrosoftOfficeAnti-virusSoftware…Instructions

1.Chooseaspecialtystore,consumerelectronicsstore,retailchain,limitedservicediscountchain,localcomputerbuilderormail-order/Internetvendor,basedonyourhardwareandserviceneeds.

2.Buywhenyouneedtobuy.Nomatterhowlongyouwaitforthebestdeal,thesameconfigurationwillcostlessinsixmonths.

3.Decidewhichfeaturesyou’llneedbasedonwhatyou’regoingtodowiththecomputer.Forexample,ifyou’regoingtobecreatinggraphics,soundandvideo,you’llwantplentyofRAM.Ifyou’regoingtobedoingheavycomputationaltasks(searchinglargedatabases,watchingvideo),you’llwantasuperprocessor.

4.Decideifyouwantalaptop,whichyoucancarryaroundwithyou,oradesktopmodel.

5.Chooseacomputerbrandbasedonquality,priceandtechnicalsupport.

6.Basedonyourlikelyneeds,determinedearlier,figureoutthecoreconfigurationyouneed,includingprocessorandspeed,amountofRAMandharddrivesize.

7.Determineadditionaldrivesyouneed:CD-ROM,DVD-ROM,CDrecorder,Zip.

8.Selectperipheralsandadditionalhardwaresuchasmodems,soundcards,videocardsandspeakers.

9.Decidehowmanyextrainternalcardslotsanddisk-drivebaysyou’llneedinordertoallowroomforfutureexpansion.

10.Determinewhatpre-installedsoftwareyouwantorneed.Getatleastanoperatingsystem,suchasWindows,ananti-virusprogram,andprogramsforwordprocessing,spreadsheets,databasesandkeepingyourcheckbook.

12.Choosethelengthofwarrantyorservicecoverageappropriatetoyourneeds.Tips&Warnings

1.Keepabreastofthelatesttechnologybyreadingthenew-productreviewsinmagazinesandontheWeb.Findoutwhathardwareandsoft-wareareincludedwiththemodelsyou’reconsidering,andusethatasabasisforcomparingprices.Ask“What’sthecatch?”ifapriceseemstoolow.

2.UnderstandthatRAMiswhereyourcomputertemporarilystoresdatatobeprocessed.AlthoughmoreRAMisbetter,youdon’tneedmuchifyourestrictyourcomputerusetosimpletasks(wordprocessing,checkbalancing).

3.Games,however,canrequirelotsofRAM;graphicsandsoundareotherspacehogs.

4.Today’sprocessorsareusuallyfastenoughforallbutthemostdemandingapplications,suchasstreamingvideo.工作場合西餐禮儀1.Electronicdevices.Turnofforsilenceallelectronicdevicesbeforeenteringtherestaurant.Ifyouforgottoturnoffyourcellphone,anditrings,immediatelyturnitoff.Donotanswerthecall.CONVERSATION

BusinessEtiquettesforWesternBanquets

在你走進(jìn)餐廳之前，請關(guān)閉所有的電子設(shè)備，或者調(diào)成靜音。如果你忘記關(guān)手機，來電話時你要馬上關(guān)掉手機，不要去接電話。2.Seating.

Avoidsittingattheheadofatable(wheretheseatsarefewest)unlessyouareadistinguishedguest.Don’tbethefirsttositdown,andwhenadjustingyourchair,makesuretopickthechairupandmoveitingently,ratherthanpullingitalongtheground.除非你是對方請來的貴賓，否則不要坐在桌子的最里頭(里面的座位數(shù)量比較少)。不要第一個坐下，如果你要挪動椅子的話，一定要把椅子搬起來并輕輕地挪動它，不要把它放在地面上拖著走。3.Posture.

Whenseated,makesurethatyouarenofartherthaneightinchesawayfromthetable.Yourlegsshouldnotbeextended,soastorespectthepersonalspaceofothers.Forearmscaneitherbeplacedonthetableorinyourlap.Alwayssitupstraight.你坐下以后，要保持你的身體在離桌子8英寸之內(nèi)的距離。你的腿不要伸出去，這是極其不尊重他人的行為。前臂可以放在桌子上也可以放在腿上，要坐直。4.Beforeyoudigin...

Makesurethatallothersatthetableareseatedandservedbeforeyoubegineating.在你開始吃東西之前，要確保其他人都已經(jīng)就座而且也開始吃了。5.Silverware.

Asaruleofthumb,silverware/utensilsshouldbeusedinanoutside-inorder.Whenfinishedwithadish,findaplaceonthatdishtoneatlysetyourusedutensils.Donotrecycletheseutensilsiftherearemorearrangedforyou.一般來說，銀質(zhì)的餐具(刀叉等)，應(yīng)該按照從外往里的順序使用。吃完一道菜之后，在那道菜的盤子(或碗)里找個地方整齊地擺放你用過的餐具。如果餐具足夠用，請不要重復(fù)使用一套餐具。6.Eat,thentalk.

Abigno-noatformaldinneristalkingwhileeating.Makesurethatyoufinishthefoodinyourmouthbeforecommunicatingwithothers.在正式餐會上的一大禁忌就是邊吃邊說，你在和別人交談之前一定要先把嘴里的食物咽下去。7.Beingcourteous.

Alwaysthankthewaitstaffandcook(ifpresentatthetable)forajobwelldone.Ifyouneedtoleavethetable,excuseyourselffromthegrouporatleastwiththepeoplesittingnexttoyou.當(dāng)服務(wù)員和廚師出現(xiàn)在你們的餐桌旁時，要感謝他們的優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)。如果你需要離開餐桌，要跟這一桌的人解釋一下，至少要跟坐在你旁邊的人說一聲。8.Takeyourtime.

Unlessotherwisenoted,dinnerisnotacompetitiontoseewhocanfinishthemostfoodintheshortestamountoftime.Paceyourself,andenjoythecompanyatthetable.如果沒有人特別說明，餐會不是要比賽誰用最短的時間吃掉最多的食物。所以，你要控制你的進(jìn)食速度，并且好好享受這個進(jìn)餐的過程。9.Becivilized.

Burping,farting,clippingyournails,pickingyournose,andspittingareallunacceptablebehavioratthedinnertable.打嗝、放屁、剪指甲、挖鼻子和吐痰等所有不文明的舉止都絕對不可以在餐桌上發(fā)生。ExampleDialogue1

A:Forourlunchmeetingwiththeinvestors,dowehavetomakeareservationattherestaurantordowejustshowup?

B:Usuallyforlunch,wedon’thavetoreserveatable,theyshouldallowwalk-ins.Buttobeonthesafeside,I’llorderatableforhalf-pasttwelve.Willthatsuityourschedule?

A:I’vearrangedtomeetthemattherestaurantattwelve.Canyoumakethereservationalittleearlier?Ifwestartearlier,itwillgiveusmoretimeforalongerlunch.

B:Areyouplanningontreatingtheinvestorstoafull-coursemeal?

A:Yes,we’llstartwithappetizers,followwithasoupandsaladcourse,thenmaindishesofprimeriborcordonbleuchicken,andfinishupwithadeliciousrichdessertofsomesort.

B:That’llbeprettyheavyforamid-daymeal,don’tyouthink?

A:Aslongaswestayawayfromanythingalcoholic,weshouldbeokay.

B:Withyourprimeribandchickenchoices,you’dbetterhopenobody’svegetarian.

A:Wecanmakesomespecialarrangementifweneedto.Afterall,it’sthecompanywhoisfootingthebill.Dialogue2

Waiter:

Wouldyouliketositinsmokingsection,non-smokingsectionorwhatevercomesopenfirst?

Tom:Weprefernon-smokingsection.

Waiter:?Awfullysorry,therearenovacanciesleftnow.Wouldyouliketowaitforamoment?

Tom:OK,wewillwaitawhile.(Tenminuteslater)

Waiter:I’msorryformakingyouwaitforsolong.Nowthereisatableavailableinnon-smokingsection.Pleasefollowme.

Tom:Thankyou.Waiter:Thisismenu.Areyoureadytoordernow?Tom:Thankyou.Waiter:Thisismenu.Areyoureadytoordernow?

Tom: Sorry,wehaven’tdecidedyet.Couldyoupleasegiveusalittlelonger?

Waiter: Noproblem.

Tom:Well,IthinkIwouldliketohaveashrimpcocktailandthetomatosausagesoupfirst.Howaboutyou,Jones?

Jones: Thesameformeplease.

Waiter: Yes,sir.

Jones: Whatmaindishwouldyoulike,Tom?

Tom: Well,I’dlikethesole,please.

Jones: I’llhavethesirloinsteak.

Waiter: Yes.Whatwouldyouliketodrink?

Jones: Redwineforme,andyou,Tom?

Tom: IthinkI’llhavebeer.

Jones: Onegobletofredwineandonebottleofbeer,please.

Waiter: Wouldyoulikeadessert?

Jones: Whatspecialkindofdessertsdoyouhave?

Waiter: Lemonpie,hotcakeinsyrup,chocolatesundaeandcustardpudding.

Tom: Well,Ithinkwe’llorderafterwefinishthemaincourse.

Waiter: Allright,I’llbringthesouprightaway.Practice

ImaginethatyouaretreatingyourpartnerwhoisnewtoChinesecuisineataChineserestaurant.Practicethefollowingconversationwiththegivenpoints:

Wherewouldyouliketosit?

MakeanintroductiontosomefamousChinesedishes.

Askforrecommendationsfromawaiter.

Whatwouldyouliketoorder?

Howwouldyouliketopaythebill?

Tips

1.英語就餐常用語

2.Doyouliketogoouteating?想不想出去吃呢?

3.I’lltreatyoutodinner.我想請您吃晚餐。

4.Let’sgoDutch.咱們各付各的吧。/咱們AA制吧。

5.CanItakearaincheck?您能改天再請我嗎？

6.Isthisseattaken?這位子有人坐嗎？

6.Haveyoumadeareservation？您預(yù)定了嗎？

7.Iamafraidthetablesareallengagedatthemoment,Sir/Madam,wouldyoumindtowaitforawhile?實在對不起，現(xiàn)在餐廳已經(jīng)客滿，請問您介意等一會兒嗎？

8.Wouldyoumindsharingatable?您介意和別人同桌嗎？

9.Smokingornon-smoking？吸煙區(qū)還是非吸煙區(qū)？

10.MayItakeyourordernow?請問我現(xiàn)在可以幫您點單嗎？

11.Myfriendwillbealongshortly.我的朋友一會就到。

12.Ihaven’tdecidedyet.Whatdoyourecommend?我還沒想好。您推薦什么菜？

13.Iamafraidthisdishwilltakesomemoretimetoprepare.對不起，這個菜需要一定的時間。

14.Areyouusedtothefoodhere?您習(xí)慣吃這兒的飯菜嗎？

15.Forhereortogo?在這兒吃還是帶走？

16.Mymouthiswatering.我在流口水了。

17.Enjoyyourmeal.請慢慢享用吧。

18.I’monadiet.我正在節(jié)食。

19.No,thanks.I’mreadytoburstnow.不了，謝謝，我的肚子快要脹破了。

20.Thisisatoastfor…這杯酒是敬……的。

21.Howlateareyouopen?你們營業(yè)到幾點？

22.MayIsettleyourbillnow?請問現(xiàn)在可以為您結(jié)賬嗎？

23.Wouldyouliketohaveonecheckorseparatechecks?合開賬單，還是單獨付賬？

24.MayIpaybycreditcard?我可以用信用卡付款嗎？

25.Keepthechange.不用找了。

26.MayIhavethereceipt?可以給我開發(fā)票嗎？

27.Mindyourstepandthankyouforcoming.慢走，感謝您的光臨。

28.Howwouldyoulikeyoursteakdone,Sir/Madam,medium,mediumwellorwelldone?請問您點的牛排喜歡幾成熟，半熟、七成熟還是全熟？

29.Whatkindofdressingwouldyoupreferwithyoursteak?Wehaveblackpapersauce,redwinesauce,mushroomsauce,onionsauce.您的牛排喜歡配什么汁呢？我們有黑椒汁、紅酒汁、蘑菇汁和洋蔥汁。

30.ThebuffetdinnerisRMB98perpersonplus15%servicecharge,andtheservicehourisfrom18:00till21:00.自助晚餐從18:00到21:00，98元人民幣每位,加15%的服務(wù)費。雖然電子郵件較商業(yè)書信而言有種不正式的感覺，但在商務(wù)電子郵件中仍應(yīng)使用較正式的用語。電子郵件較快速并更有效率，但是你的客戶或商業(yè)伙伴肯定不會喜歡太草率的郵件。記住以下一些簡單的秘訣，將有助于提升你的英文電子郵件的專業(yè)水平。WRITING

HowtoWriteaPerfectProfessional

E-mailinEnglish

如何寫出一封完美的專業(yè)英文電子郵件

1.從問候開始用問候語作為郵件開始是非常重要的，例如“DearLillian,”。根據(jù)你與收件人的關(guān)系親近與否，你可能選擇使用他們的姓氏來稱呼他們而不是直呼其名，例如“DearMrs.Price,”。如果關(guān)系比較親密，你就可以說“HiKelly,”。如果你和公司聯(lián)系，而不是個人，你就可以寫“ToWhomItMayConcern,”。

2．感謝收件人在回復(fù)客戶的詢問時，應(yīng)該以感謝語開頭。例如，如果有客戶想了解你的公司，你就可以說“ThankyouforcontactingABCCompany.”。如果此人已經(jīng)回復(fù)過你的一封郵件，那就一定要說“Thankyouforyourpromptreply.”或“Thanksforgettingbacktome.”。要利用可能的任何機會感謝收信人，這樣可令對方感到比較舒服，而且顯得很有禮貌。

3．表明你的目的如果是你主動寫電子郵件給別人，那就不要在開頭寫感謝的字句了，而應(yīng)以你寫此郵件的目的開頭。例如，“Iamwritingtoenquireabout…”或是“Iamwritinginreferenceto…”。在電子郵件開頭澄清你的來意非常重要，這樣才能更好地引出郵件的主要內(nèi)容。要注意語法、拼寫和標(biāo)點符號，同時避免冗長的句子，盡量讓句子簡短清楚。

4．結(jié)束語在結(jié)束郵件之前，應(yīng)再次感謝收信人并加上一些禮貌語結(jié)尾。你可以寫“Thankyouforyourpatienceandcooperation.”或“Thankyouforyourconsideration.”并接著寫“Ifyouhaveanyquestionsorconcerns,don’thesitatetoletmeknow.”以及“Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou.”。5．結(jié)束最后寫上合適的結(jié)尾并附上你的名字。例如，“Bestregards,”、“Yoursfaithfully,”、“Sincerelyyours,”及“Thankyou,”都是比較規(guī)范的用語。最好不要用“Bestwishes,”或“Cheers,”之類的詞，因為這些詞都常用在非正式的私人郵件中。最后，在你發(fā)送郵件之前，最好再讀一遍你的內(nèi)容并檢查其中有沒有任何拼寫錯誤，這樣才能保證你發(fā)出的是一封真正完美的郵件。Example

DearMr./Ms,

Mr.JohnGreen,ourGeneralManager,willbeinParisfromJune2to7andwouldliketocomeandseeyou,say,onJune3at2:00p.m.abouttheopeningofasampleroomthere.

Pleaseletusknowifthetimeisconvenientforyou.Ifnot,whattimeyouwouldsuggest.

Yoursfaithfully,

DavidHartley尊敬的先生/小姐:我們的總經(jīng)理約翰·格林先生將于6月2日至7日在巴黎停留，希望能夠于6月3日下午2:00拜訪您并討論有關(guān)在巴黎開樣品房的事宜。請告知這個時間對您是否方便。如不方便，另請建議具體時間。您誠摯的大衛(wèi)·哈特利

DearMr./Ms,

ThankyouforyourletterinformingusofMr.Green’svisitduringJune2-7.Unfortunately,Mr.Edwards,ourmanager,isnowin