1、Patrick Victor Martindale White,(1912-1990),He is the only Australian writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1973 and was praised for introducing a new continent into literature.,生平,1912年5月28日出生于英國倫敦。父親是澳大利亞的一位農(nóng)場主，母親也生于富有的農(nóng)場主家庭。懷特是在父母回英國探親時(shí)出世的，在悉尼鄉(xiāng)間的農(nóng)場里度過自己的童年。1925年赴英國切爾滕納姆學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)。1929年回國。193

2、2年再度去英國，進(jìn)劍橋大學(xué)皇家學(xué)院攻讀現(xiàn)代語言。在此期間，他開始從事詩歌創(chuàng)作。1935年出版的詩集農(nóng)夫和其他詩，即為其在劍橋求學(xué)時(shí)期的作品。但他自認(rèn)在詩歌創(chuàng)作上很難有建樹，從此不再寫詩，改寫小說和戲劇。 1935年，懷特大學(xué)畢業(yè)后仍留居倫敦，從事創(chuàng)作，曾去歐洲許多國家和美國游歷，并且閱讀了大量英、法、德諸國的文學(xué)作品，深受歐洲文化和詹姆斯喬伊斯、托馬斯沃爾夫、戴維赫伯特勞倫斯等現(xiàn)代作家的影響。1939年和1941年，懷特相繼發(fā)表了長篇小說快樂的山谷和生者與死者。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，服役于英國皇家空軍情報(bào)部門，曾被派赴中東一帶工作五年。1948年回澳大利亞定居，先經(jīng)營農(nóng)牧場，后專門從事寫作。 1

3、948年，懷特出版了第三部長篇小說姨母的故事。1955年，他發(fā)表了自己的代表作之一長篇小說人樹。人樹一書出版后，受到了國內(nèi)外讀者和評論界的一致好評，有“澳大利亞的創(chuàng)世記”之稱，為作者帶來了國際聲譽(yù)。 隨后，懷特又相繼出版了長篇小說沃斯（1957）和乘戰(zhàn)車的人（1961）。前者以19世紀(jì)上半葉試圖橫跨澳洲大陸的德國探險(xiǎn)家萊克哈特為原型。后者寫的是一群窮困潦倒、行為乖張的僑民。在60年代，懷特還發(fā)表了用喜劇手法描寫一對孿生老人痛苦一生的長篇小說可靠的曼達(dá)拉（1966），收有不準(zhǔn)養(yǎng)貓的女人等十一篇小說的短篇小說集燒傷的人（1964），以及劇本漢姆的葬禮（1961）、沙薩帕里拉的季節(jié)（1962）、快樂

4、的靈魂（1964）和禿山之夜（1964）等。1970年，他又出版了描寫一個藝術(shù)家生平的長篇小說活體解剖者。 1973年出版的長篇小說風(fēng)暴眼是懷特最重要的代表作。在榮獲1973年的諾貝爾文學(xué)獎后，懷特又相繼出版了長篇小說樹葉裙（1976）、特萊龐的愛情（1980），中短篇小說集白鸚鵡（1974），劇本重返阿比西尼亞（1974）、大玩具（1977）以及自傳鏡中瑕疵（1981）。 懷特因病于1990年9月30日在悉尼市郊百歲公園寓所去世，享年78歲。,1912年出生于英國倫敦后回到悉尼,1925年赴英國學(xué)習(xí)，1929年回國,1932年再度去英國，進(jìn)入劍橋大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí),1935年畢業(yè)留居倫敦,1948年回

5、澳大利亞定居,在此期間，游歷于各國,發(fā)表了長篇小說快樂的山谷、生者與死者,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，服役于英國皇家空軍,父親死后留下大筆遺產(chǎn)，專心寫作。發(fā)表了人樹受到一致好評。其后相繼出版大量作品，于1973年榮獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎,開始從事詩歌創(chuàng)作，1935年出版農(nóng)夫和其他詩，之后自認(rèn)為在詩歌上很難有建樹，改寫小說與戲劇,Growth of writing career,From 1932 to 1935, White lived in England, studying French and German literature at Kings College, Cambridge Universit

6、y. His homosexuality（同性戀） took a toll on his first term academic performance. During Whites time at Cambridge he published a collection of poetry entitled The Ploughman and Other Poems農(nóng)夫和其他詩, and wrote a play named Bread and Butter Women, which was later performed by an amateur group (which included

7、 his sister Suzanne) at the tiny Bryants Playhouse in Sydney. After being admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1935, White briefly settled in London, where he lived in an area that was frequented by artists. There, the young author thrived creatively for a time, writing several unpublished

8、works and reworking Happy Valley快樂的山谷, a novel that he had written when he was a jackaroo（新手）. In 1937, Whites father died, leaving him ten thousand pounds in inheritance. The fortune enabled him to write full-time in relative comfort. Two more plays followed before he succeeded in finding a publish

9、er for Happy Valley.,Towards the end of the 1930s, White spent time in the United States, including Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and New York City, which were artistic hotbeds at the time, where he wrote The Living and the Dead生者與死者. By the time World War II broke out, he had returned to London and join

10、ed the British Royal Air Force. He was accepted as an intelligence officer, and was posted to the Middle East. He served in Egypt, Palestine, and Greece before the war was over. While in the Middle East, he had an affair with a Greek army officer, Manoly Lascaris, who was to become his life partner.

11、 In 1948, White returned and settled in Australia. He ran the farm at first, and then specialized in writing. He published the third novel Aunts Story 姨母的故事 . In 1955, he published the novel The Tree of Man人樹 which was one of his masterpieces. After the publication , the novel was highly praised by

12、readers and critics both home and abroad. They called it “Australias Genesis(澳大利亞的創(chuàng)世紀(jì))”. It has brought international reputation to White.,Subsequently, White has published the novel Voss沃斯 (1957) and Riders in the Chariot 乘戰(zhàn)車的人(1961). The former took the German explorer Lakhart as the prototype who

13、 was trying to cross the Australian mainland during the first part of the 19th century. The latter was written about a group of impoverished and misbehaving foreign residents. In the 1960s, White also published the novel The Solid Mandala可靠的曼拉達(dá)(1966) which was used a comedy depiction of a pair of tw

14、in old mans suffering the life, short stories The Burnt Ones 燒傷的人 (1964) and plays The Ham Funeral漢姆的葬禮 (1961), The Season at Sarsaparilla 沙薩帕里拉的季節(jié)(1962), A Cheery Soul快樂的靈魂 (1964), and Night on Bald Mountain 禿山之夜(1964) . In 1970, he published a novel describing the life of an artist The Vivisector活

15、體解刨者.,White supported the conservative. For the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, he became particularly antiroyalist, making a rare appearance on national television to broadcast his views on the matter. White also publicly expressed his admiration for the historian Manning Clark, satirist Bar

16、ry Humphries, and unionist Jack Mundey. During the 1970s, Whites health began to deteriorate: his teeth were crumbling, his eyesight was failing, and he had chronic lung problems. In 1973, the novel The Eye of the Storm風(fēng)暴眼 which is the most important representative of White was published.,Twilight Y

17、ears,In 1979, his novel The Twyborn Affair 時(shí)間的游戲as shortlisted for the Booker Prize, but White requested that it to be removed to give younger writers a chance to win. Soon after, White announced that he had written his last novel, and from then on, he would write only for radio or the stage. In 198

18、1, White published his autobiography Flaws in the Glass 鏡中瑕疵 : a self-portrait, which explored issues about which he had publicly said little such as his homosexuality and his refusal to accept the Nobel Prize personally. In 1986, White released one last novel Memoirs of Many in One, but it was publ

19、ished under the pen name Alex Xenophon Demirjian Gray and edited by Patrick White. White died in Sydney at the age of 78 on September 30th in1990.,List of Works,Novels Happy Valley(1939) 歡樂的山谷 The Living and Dead (1941) 生者與死者 The Aunts Story (1948) 姨母的故事 The Tree of Man (1955) 人樹 Voss (1957) 沃斯 Ride

20、rs in the Chariot (1961) 乘戰(zhàn)車的人 The Solid Mandala (1966) 可靠的曼達(dá)拉 The Eye of the Storm (1973) 風(fēng)暴眼 The Fringe of Leaves (1976) 樹葉裙 The Twyborn Affair (1976) 時(shí)間的游戲 Memoirs of Many in one (1986) 多合一回憶,Short stories The Burnt Ones (1964) The Cockatoos(1974) 白鸚鵡 Three Uneasy Pieces(1987) Five Twenty Plays T

21、he Ham Funeral (1947) 漢姆的葬禮 The Season at Sarsaparilla (1962) 莎薩帕里拉的季節(jié) Night on Bald Mountain (1964) 禿山之夜 Autobiography Flaw in the Glass (1981) 鏡中瑕疵,The Eye of the Storm（1973）,風(fēng)暴眼,The story of The eye of the Storm takes place in a luxury garden villa on the skirts of Sydney in Australia. Old, dusk

22、Elizabeth Hunter is lying on a luxury and expensive rosewood bed inlaid with silver sun. When she was young, she was beautiful, and enjoyed her splendor, power and glory. Her daughter and son who do not love her have known that their mother has been dying. They all want the huge heritage, so they co

23、me back from abroad hurriedly. Her Son Basil is racking his brain for how to grab his mothers money, at the same time he also does not forget to seduce the nurse who takes care of his sick mother; Her daughter Dorothy seduces the male lawyer in order to compete for heritage. Mother and Children star

24、ted a fierce struggle. Son and daughter in order to deal with their mother, they intrigue with each other at first, and then they cooperate. They tortured her from the spirit to the soul to make her death.,風(fēng)暴眼的故事發(fā)生在澳大利亞悉尼市郊一座豪華花園別墅里，鑲著銀太陽，奢侈而昂貴的花犁木床上，躺著年邁、垂暮的伊麗莎白亨特。年輕時(shí)她美貌絕倫，享盡了榮華富貴、權(quán)勢和榮耀。兩個并不愛她的兒女得知

25、母親已在彌留之際，沖著那筆不菲的遺產(chǎn)，匆匆從國外趕回來。兒子巴茲爾在挖空心思盤算如何攫取母親的錢財(cái)?shù)耐瑫r(shí)，也沒忘記勾引母親病榻前的美貌護(hù)士；女兒多蘿茜為了爭奪遺產(chǎn)，竟和男律師鬼混，以實(shí)現(xiàn)爭取同盟的企圖。母子三人間展開了一場激烈斗爭。兒女們?yōu)榱藢Ω恫豢陷p易死去的母親，從勾心斗角，同室操戈，到狼狽為奸，沆瀣一氣，從精神上、心靈上折磨她，促其早死。兒女們覬覦財(cái)產(chǎn)的情景，亨特太太一目了然，她發(fā)誓要更頑強(qiáng)地生存下去，不能讓其陰謀得逞。然而，她無法抗拒自然規(guī)律，還得聽從上帝的召喚。這位曾用美貌和智慧叩開金錢大門、享盡榮華富貴的富孀，只能在荒涼孤寂的墓地里，才得到一角平靜之地風(fēng)暴眼大風(fēng)暴中心的寧靜點(diǎn)。亨特太

26、太終于離開了人世，她的兒女心滿意足地瓜分了大筆遺產(chǎn)后，立刻以種種借口逃之夭夭，去享受新的生活和樂趣。只有侍候過亨特太太的護(hù)士和傭工參加了簡單的葬禮。,伊麗莎白亨特年輕時(shí)靠美貌贏得了富有的農(nóng)場主艾爾弗雷德亨特的愛情，并擁有享之不盡的榮華富貴，但是她對丈夫的一往情深并不以為然亨特太太對金錢與性的追求，就像處于饑餓狀態(tài)的人對食物有強(qiáng)烈的本能欲望。那就是她的“本我”。而她利用美貌和聰明也就是她的“自我”得到了財(cái)富和權(quán)利，實(shí)現(xiàn)了“本我”愿望。丈夫的死以及他的寬容和大度使伊麗莎白常常感到罪孽深重，在孤獨(dú)中度過了漫長的歲月之后她終于認(rèn)識到自己的罪過，后來她在病入膏肓和彌留病塌的時(shí)日里曾反反復(fù)復(fù)地作了深刻的內(nèi)

27、省和自責(zé)。,伊麗莎白亨特,作為女兒，有時(shí)她也愛母親，但同時(shí)也恨她。原因有兩個，其一，母親的不忠導(dǎo)致了父親的早亡；其二，母親總是憑借自己的美貌而賣弄風(fēng)情。女兒忘不了在布龍比島上母親為了取悅生物學(xué)教授皮爾先生而大大傷害了她的自尊心。在她的心目中“母親是一個最大的惡棍”。由于嫉妒母親的美貌和記恨母親與她爭風(fēng)吃醋，女兒多蘿茜對母親的恨達(dá)到了無以復(fù)加的程度。由此可見，她們母女倆的關(guān)系真是糟透了，簡直不是母女間的感情，倒更像情敵間的憎恨。,多蘿茜,巴茲爾與姐姐一樣，對父親在感情遠(yuǎn)勝于對母親。在兒子的心目中，母親“僅僅是地球另一端的一個抽象物，一個發(fā)號施令者，一個安全的寄托”。由于亨特太太彌留的時(shí)日太長，急不可耐的巴茲爾也樂得與姐姐密謀了一個計(jì)劃“必要時(shí)可以讓她早點(diǎn)死”，這樣看來，母子或母女關(guān)系竟然惡劣到需要謀財(cái)害命的地步了，又一次呈現(xiàn)了母親與子女的關(guān)系極端。,巴茲爾,風(fēng)暴眼通過生命垂危的老富孀亨特太太對自己一生的回顧以及對她一對兒女和周圍人物的生活的描寫，揭示了人的自私冷酷和社會的腐朽墮落。但是在描寫這一場圍繞著遺產(chǎn)展開的爾虞我詐的明爭暗斗中，在刻畫金錢第一、世態(tài)炎涼、人情冷漠、骨肉無情的社會現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)，作