1、未來(lái)教育事業(yè)單位公共基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)英語(yǔ)閱讀理解練習(xí)閱讀理解短文（70篇）Passage2Peoplecanbeaddictedtodifferentthings-e.g.,aIcohol,drugs,certainfoods,oreventelevision.Peoplewhohavesuchanaddiction(癖好；癮)arecompulsive(難以抑制的)；i.e.,theyhaveaverypowerfulpsychologicalneedthattheyfeeltheymustsatisfy.Accordingtopsychologists,manypeoplearecompulsiv

2、espenders.Theyfeelthattheymustspendmoney.Thiscompulsion,likemostothers,isirrational-impossibletoexplainreasonably.Forcompulsivespenderswhobuyoncredit(賒購(gòu))，chargeaccounts(賒購(gòu)帳戶)areevenmoreexcitingthanmoney.Inotherwords,compulsivespendersfeelthatwithcredit,theycandoanything.Theirpleasureinspendingenormo

3、usamountsisactuallygreaterthanthepleasurethattheygetfromthethingstheybuy.Thereisevenaspecialpsychologyofbargainhunting.Tosavemoney,ofcourse,mostpeoplelookforsales,lowprices,anddiscounts.Compulsivebargainhunters,however,oftenbuythingsthattheydon'tneedjustbecausetheyarecheap.Theywanttobelievethatt

4、heyarehelpingtheirbudgets,buttheyarereallyplayinganexcitinggame.Whentheycanbuysomethingforlessthanotherpeople,theyfeelthattheyarewinning.Mostpeople,expertsclaim,havetworeasonsfortheirbehavior:agoodreasonforthethingsthattheydoandtherealreason.Itisnotonlyscientists,ofcourse,whounderstandthepsychologyo

5、fspendinghabits,butalsobusinesspeople.Stores,companies,andadvertisersusepsychologytoincreasebusiness:Theyconsiderpeople'sneedsforlove,power,orinfluence,theirbasicvalues,theirbeliefsandopinions,andsoonintheiradvertisingandsalesmethods.Psychologistsoftenuseamethodcalled"behaviortherapy(療法)&qu

6、ot;tohelpindividualssolvetheirpersonalityproblems.Inthesameway,theycanhelppeoplewhofeelthattheyhaveproblemswithmoney.1. .Accordingtothepsychologists,acompulsivespenderisonewhospendslargeamountsofmoney一A)andtakesgreatpleasurefromwhatheorshebuysB)inordertosatisfyhisorherbasicneedsinlifeC)justtomeethis

7、orherstrongpsychologicalneedD)entirelywithanirrationaleagerness2. .Accordingtothewriter,compulsivebargainhuntersareinconstantsearchofthelowestpossibleprices.A)becausetheywanttosavemoneytohelptheirbudgetsB)becausetheycanopenlyboastoftheirtriumphoverothersingettingthingsforlessC)andwillnothavemoneypro

8、blemsiftheycankeeptotheirbudgetsD)buttheyseldomadmittheyfeelsatisfiediftheycangetthingsforlessthanothers3. .Whichofthefollowingistrue?A)Allpeoplespendmoneyforexactlythesamereasonthattheyneedtobuythings.B)Businesspeopleandadvertiserscanusethepsychologyofmoneytoincreasesales.C)Businesspeopleunderstand

9、thepsychologyofcompulsivebuyingbetterthanscientistsdo.D)compulsivebargainhuntersdonothaveproblemswithmoney.4.Thearticleismainlyabout.A)thepsychologyofmoney-spendinghabitsB)thepurchasinghabitsofcompulsivespendersC)aspecialpsychologyofbargainhuntingD)theuseofthepsychologyofspendinghabitsinbusiness5.Fr

10、omthepassagewemaysafelyconcludethatcompulsivespendersorcompulsivebargainhunters_.A)arereallyunreasonableB)needspecialtreatmentC)arereallybeyondremediesD)cannevergetanyhelptosolvetheirproblemswithmoneyPassage4In1838thepolicaleconomistMalthouspredictedthatintimemankindwouldfacestarvation,havingoutgrow

11、ntheavailablefoodsupplies.Today,acenturyandahalflater,therearestillexpertswhoforecastthesameglobaldisasterunlessurgentmeasuresaretakentopreventit.Bytheendofthepresentcenturytheremaywellbeoverfivethousandmillionpeoplelivingonthisglobe,anincreaseofoverfiftypercentoftoday'5figure.Inordertokeeppacew

12、iththisincreaseinmankindthefarmersoftheworldwouldhavetostepuptheirproductionoffoodbyatleasttwopercenteveryyear.Sucharateofincreasehasneverbeenmaintainedinanycountrybyconventionalmethodsofagriculture,despitemodernmechanizationandthewidespreaduseoffertilizer.Therearenolargeworthwhilereservesofpotentia

13、lfarmlandremaining,andgoodfertilelandiscontinuallybeingdivertedtoindustrialuse.Moreover,erosionofthesoiltakesaconstanttoll.Intensiveresearch,carriedoutovermanyyearsinallmannersofclimaticconditions,hasproducedarevolutionarymethodofgrowingcropswithoutusinganysoilatall.Hydroponics,asthistechniqueiscall

14、ed,maywellbetheanswertoallourfoodworries.Alreadyithasaccomplishedwondersinproducinghugecrops.Hydroponicswasonceacomplicatiedandexpensivebusiness;nowitiswelloutoftheexperimentalstage.Labourcostsarefarlowerthanwhenmethodsofagricultureareemployed.Infact,itisacompletelyautomaticsystem.Thereisnohardmanua

15、lwork,nodiggingorploughing,andnoweedingtospeakof.Yieldscanbefarhigherthantheyareinsoil.1 .Whichofthefollowingbestsumsupthewholepassage'?A)Malthus'predictionhasbeenprovedtobecorrectbymodernexperts.B)Hydroponicsmaybetheanswertotheworldfoodshortageinthefuture.C)Hydroponicsisanewdevelopmentinagr

16、iculture.D)Conventionalmethodsofagricultureshouldbeimprovedsoastostepupfoodproductionbytwopercenteveryyear.2 .Thephrase"havingoutgrowntheavailablefoodsupplies"inthefirstparagraphimpliesthat.A)theavailablefoodsupplieswillbeenoughtofeedworldpopulationB)theearthistooexhaustedtosupportitsincre

17、asingpopulationC)worldpopulationwillgrowataratefasterthanfoodproductionD)foodsupplieswillbetoomuchavailableforwouldpopulation.3 Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthemainreasonwhyanincreaseintheproductionoffoodisnotbeachieved?A)Conventionalmethodsofagriculturearestillprevailingallovertheworld.B)Modernmechan

18、izationandtheuseoffertilizersarenotwellpopularizedintheworld.C)Therearenotenoughpotentialfarmalandreservesleft.D)Landisbeinglostthrougherosionandindustrialization.4 .Whichofthefollwoingstatementsisnottrueofhydroponics?A)Hydroponicsisconsideredarevolutionarymethodofagriculture.B)Hydroponicsisstilltoo

19、complicatedandexpensiveforpracticaluse.C)Hydroponicshadcreatedwondersinagriculture.D)Hydroponicshadalreadybeenemployedinfoodproduction.5 .Judgingfromthepassage,themostimportantadvantageofhydroponicsshouldbeA)higheryieldB)lowerlabourcostsC)moreautomationD)lesshardmanualworkPassage6Attentiontodetailis

20、somethingeveryonecanandshoulddo-especiallyinatightjobmarket.BobCrossley,ahuman-resourcesexpertnoticesthisinthejobapplicationsthatcomecrosshisdeskeveryday."Ifsamazinghowmanycandidateseliminatethemselves,“slays.“Rsumcs(簡(jiǎn)歷)arrivewithstains.Somecandidatesdon'tbothertospellthecompany'snameco

21、rrectly.OnceIseeamistake,Ieliminatethecandidate,"Crossleyconcludes."Iftheycannottakecareofthesedetails,whyshouldwetrustthemwithajob?"Canwepaytoomuchattentiontodetails?Absolutely.Perfectionistsstruggleoverlittlethingsatthecostofsomethinglargertheyworktoward."Tokeepfromlosingthefor

22、estforthetrees,"saysCharlesGarfield,associateprofessorattheUniversityofCalifomia,SanFrancisco,wemustconstantlyaskourselveshowthedetailswe'reworkingonfitintothelargerpicture.Iftheydon't,weshoulddropthemandmovetosomethingelse."Garfieldcomparesthisprocesstohisworkasacomputerscientista

23、tNASA."TheApollollmoonlaunchwasslightlyoff-course90percentofthetime,"saysGarfield."Butasuccessfullandingwasstilllikelybecauseweknewtheexactcoordinatesofourgoal.Thisallowedustomakeadjustmentsasnecessary."Knowingwherewewanttogohelpsusjudgetheimportanceofeverytaskweundertake.Tooofte

24、nwebelievewhataccountsforothers'successissomespecialsecretoraluckybreak(機(jī)遇).Butrarelyissuccesssomysterious.Againandagain,weseethatbydoinglittlethingswithinourgraspwell,largerewardsfollow.1 .Accordingtothepassage,somejobapplicantswererejected.A)becauseoftheircarelessnessasshownintheirfailuretopre

25、sentacleancopyofaresumeB)becauseoftheirinadequateeducationasshownintheirpoorspellinginwritingaresumeC)becausetheyfailedtogiveadetaileddescriptionoftheirbackgroundintheirapplicationsD)becausetheyeliminatedtheirnamesfromtheapplicantslistthemselves2 .Thewordperfectionists”(Line1,para.3)referstothosewho

26、.A)demandotherstogeteverythingabsolutelyrightB)knowhowtoadjusttheirgoalsaccordingtothecircumstancesC)paytoomuchattentiontodetailsonlytolosetheirmajorobjectivesD)arecapableofachievingperfectresultsinwhatevertheydo3 .Whichofthefollowingistheauthor'sadvicetothereader?A)Althoughtoomuchattentiontodet

27、ailsmaybecostly,theyshouldnotbeoverlooked.B)Don'tforgetdetailswhendrawingpictures.C)Beawareoftheimportanceofataskbeforeundertakingit.D)Carelessapplicantsarenottobetrusted.4 .TheexampleoftheApolloIImoonlaunchisgiventoillustratethat.A)minormistakescanbeignoredinachievingmajorobjectivesB)failureist

28、hemotherofsuccessC)adjustmentsarethekeytothesuccessfulcompletionofanyworkD)keepingone'sgoalinmindhelpsindecidingwhichdetailscanbeoverlooked5 .Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.A)Don'tBeaPerfectionistB)ImportanceofAdjustmentsC)DetailsandMajorObjectivesD)HardWorkPlusGoodLuckPassage7ThenamesofG

29、alen,AndressVesalius,andWilliamfigureprominentlyinthehistoryofman"studyofhisownbody.Galen,aGreekwhopracticedmedicineinRomeinthesecondcenturyA.D.,contributedimmeasurablytotheunderstandingofanatomy(解剖學(xué)).Hisdissections(解剖)werelimitedtoapes,hovevr,becauseRomanreligiousandphilosophicalattitudesmadee

30、xperimentationonthehumanbodyunthinkable.Evenso,hisreputationwassooutstandingandhisconclusionsweresologicalthathiswritingsonanatomyandphysiologywereacceptedbymedicalmenformorethanathousandyears.Vesalius,acitizenofBelgium,whowenttoParistostudymedicinemadethefirstmajorsuccessfulchallengeoftheteachingsa

31、ndthetheoriesofGalen.Vesaliusshockedhisprofessorsbyproposingthatknowledgeofhumananatomyshouldbelearnedfromhumanbodies.NoonetookhimseriouslybecausetherewasaFrenchlawprohibitingdissectionofthehunianbody.Vesalius,nevertheless,conductedresearchinsecret.Whenhepublishedhisbookonhumananatomyin1543,medicals

32、cientistscriticizedhimfordaringtoattackthewritingsofGalen.Eighty-fiveyearslater,anEnglishphysiciannamedHarveypuhlishedabookthatdisprovedGalen'stheoryofbloodcirculation.AlthoughHarvey'sexplanationwasnotuniversallyacceptedatthetime,medicalmenoftodaycredithimwithoneofthegreatestadvancesinmedica

33、lhistory.1.ThepassagemakesitclearthatGalen_.A)wasregardedbymedicalmenformorethanathousandyearsB)lackedpropertrainingformedicalresearchC)wrotethefirstbookonanatomyD)usedhumanbodiesforhisexperiments2 .WhichstatementaboutVesaliusismostprobablyfalse?A)Heriskedbeingputintoprisonbydoingresearchonhumanbodi

34、es.B)HethoughthecouldgetgoodmedicaltraininginParis.C)Hewasverypopularwithhisprofessors.D)HerecognizedthelimitationsofGalen'swork.3 .Inthepassage,theauthordoesnotmentionanythingaboutHarvev's.A)nationalityB)medicaltrainingC)fieldofresearchD)profession4 .Accordingtothepassage,wecanconcludethatG

35、alen.A)taughtandpracticedmedicineinGreeceB)shockedthemedicalmenofhistimewithhisresearchC)madesomeincorrectstatementsaboutthehumanbodyD)refusedtoletRomanreligiousbeliefsinterferewithhisresearch5Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith.A)threeimportantcontributorstothescienceofanatomyB)thecirculationofbloodint

36、hehuntanbodyC)thedifferencesbetweenanimalandhumananatomyD)restrictiononanatomicalresearchinmedicalhistorvPassage8TheoldestlivingthingsonEartharetrees.SomeofCalifornia'ssequoias(紅杉木)haveforfourthousandyearslookeddownonthechangesinthelandscapeandthecomingsandgoingsofhumans.Theysproutedfromtinyseed

37、saboutthetimetheEgyptianpyramidswerebeingbuilt.Todaythesegiantpatriarchsseemasremoteandinaccessibleastherocksandmountaincliffson.which.thtygrow,likecathedralcolumnsholdingupthesky.Itishardtoimaginingplayinganypartinthelivesofrnerehumansorbeingin.anywayaffectedbythe.creaturesthatpassattheirfeet.Lesse

38、rtrees,however,haveplayedanintimateroleinthelivesofpeoplesincetheyfirstappearedon.Earth.Treesfedthefiresthatwarmedhumans,theyprovidedshelter,foodandmedicine,andevenclothing.Theyalsoshapedpeople'sspiritualhorizons.Treesexpressedthegrandeur,andmysteryoflife,astheymovedthroughthecycleofseasons,from

39、lifetodeath.andbacktolifeagain.Treeswerethelargestlivingthingsaroundhumansandtheyknewthatsometreeshadbeenstandingonthesamespotintheirparents'agdandparents'time,andwouldcontinuetostandlongaftertheyweregone.Nowonderthesetreesbecamesymbolsofstrength,fruitfulness,andeverlastinglife.1 .Peoplehave

40、usedtreesfotthefollowinguseEXCEPT.A)ForfurnitureB)ForfuelC)ForhousingD)Fornourishmnt2 .Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase"giantpatriarchs"inline4,paragraphl?A)TinyseedsB)importantleadersC)toweringtreesD)Egyptianpyramids3.Inparagraph2,line2,theword"they"refersto.A)tr

41、eesB)seasonsC)grandeurand.mysteryD)people'sspiritualhorizons4 .Thepassagesuggeststhat,comparedwithsequoias,othertreeshave.A)beeninexistencelongerB)adaptedmoerreadilytotheirenvironrnentsC)beenaffectedmorebyanimaIsD)hadacloserrelationshipwithpeople5 .Whatisthepassagemainlyabout.?A)Treesgrowtogreat

42、heights.B)Treeshavebeenimportanttopeoplethroughouthistory.C)Treesmakehumansseemsuperior.D)TreesthatgrowinCaliforniaareveryold.Passage9Mostlibrariesnowtakeadvantageofmicrofilmtostorenewspapersandothermaterialsthatwouldotherwisetakeupacresofvaluableshelfspace.Ifyouaren'tacquaintedwiththestuff,ifth

43、eprojectorinthereferenceroomhaslookedlikeanintimidatingmystery,youshouldgettoknowit,formarvelousresearchopportunitiesareavailabletoyouifyoudo.If,forinstance,youarewritingapaperonWorldWarII,wouldn'titbegreattoseethefrontpageofanewspaperforDecember8,1941,thedaytheU.S.Congressdeclaredwar?Ortoquotef

44、romaneditorialpublishedonthatfatefulday?Microfilmissmallphotographicfilmthatcontainstheimagesofprintedpagesinreducedform.Awholeweek'sfileofdailynewspaperscanbepreservedonastripofmicrofilmtwoincheswideandsevenoreightfeetlong.Woundintoarollandstashedinasmall,labeledbox,themicrofilmcanbestoredinafe

45、wsquareinchesofspace.Microfilmsavesbooksthatotherwise'mightbelost:itcrumblesmoreslowlythanpaperdoes.Italsopermitsthepublicationofmonographsanddissertations(學(xué)位論文),whichhavesmallaudiences,forlesscostthanprinting.Completefilesofhistoricallyimportantmagazinesthatarenowpracticallyimpossibletoobtainar

46、ecurrentlyattheserviceofasmalllibrary.Inmanyreferencerooms,filesoftheNewYorkTimesandotherfrequentlyconsultednewspapersandperiodicalssitinmicrofilmboxesnexttoaviewingprojector.Themachinebearsinstructions,butifyouneedhelpgettingthethingtowork,askalibrarian.Onceyouhavethefilmonthemachine,youcrank(啟動(dòng))ti

47、llyoucometotheverypageyouarelookingfor.Someprojectionmachineswillprintoutaphotocopyofanypage.1. .Whichofthefollowingisnottheadvantageofmicrofilmmentainedinthepassage?A)Itcostslessthanprinting.B)Itdecaysmoreslowlythanpaper.C)Itismoreconvenientthanbooks.D)Ittakesuplessspacethanbooks2. .Thepurposeofcit

48、ingNewYorkTimesasanexampleis.A)toincreaseitspopularity.B)toadvisereaderstomakeuseofit.C)toprovideanexampleoffrequentlyconsultednewspaper.D)toasktheusertophotocopyit3. Ifyouhavedifficultyinrunningtheprojector,whatshouldyoudo?A)consultotherpublicationinstead.B)putthefilmonthemachine.C)readtheinstructi

49、ons.D)turntoalibrarian.4. .Theword"fateful"inthefirstparagraphmeans.A)criticalB)deadC)fatalD)urgent5. .Thepassagedealsmainlywith.A)modernfacilitiesinthelibraryB)microfilminthelibraryC)sourcesofinformationD)printingmaterialspreservedonmicrofilmPassage10Insciencethemeaningoftheword"expl

50、ain"sufferswithcivilization'severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstspeculated(設(shè)想)ontheelectrificationofamber(琥珀).Mostcontemporaryphy

51、sicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces"really"are."Electricity",BertrandRussellsays,“snotathing,likeSt.Paul'sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,we

52、havetoldallthereistotell."ntjJrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentpr

53、inciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat'swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat'swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandt

54、husoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.1 .Thepurposeofthecontrolledexperimentis.A)toexplainwhythingshappenB)toexplainhowthingshappenC)toformsthebasisofscientificinvestigationD)toproveacceptedtheories2 .Fortwothousandyears,scientificthoughtwasmostin

55、fluencedby.A)self-evidentprinciples.B)Thales'speculations.C)Aristotle'snaturalscience.D)Russell'stheoryonelectricity3 .WhichofthefollowingistrueofBertrandRussell'snotionaboutelectricity?A)ItisdisapprovedofbymostmodernscientistsB)ItisinagreementwitbAristotle'stheoryofself-evidentp

56、rinciplesC)ItisdisagreedbyGalileo'theoryD)Itissupportedbyscientificinvestigationsdirectedtoward"how"thingshappen4 .Accordingtothepassagethatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeideathat.A)mancan'tdiscoverwhatforces"really"areB)therearemysteriousforcesintheuniverseC)ther

57、eareself-evidentprinciples?D)wecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo5 .Aristotlebelievedthefactthatobjectsfalltotheground.A)isaresultofreasoningB)couldbeexplainedfromself-evidentprinciplesC)isaninstanceofself-evidentprincipleD)couldbetestedbyexperiencePassage12Everysocietyisadynamicsystem,whichmightbec

58、hangedbyinternalorexternalfactors,orboth.Whentwodifferentculturesareconfrontedwitheachother,theremaycauseamuchdeeperdisruption(破壞)thanaclashbetweenthetwosocieties.Forinstance,atribalwarinMricaisnotverylikelytodestroyoneofthetwocultures.Butbymodernization,oneculturewasimposeduponanother,andthisoftenr

59、esultedinthelattergivingtheworstoftwoworlds.Oncethedamageisdone,itisdifficulttoimaginehowitcanbeundone.Therealityoftodayisthatveryfewculturesareunaffected.Itisarealitywehavetorecogrioe,sothatwecanstartbuildingupfromthereinsteadoftryingtoturnbacktheclock,orto"freeze"thingsastheyare.ConnectingtheWest,acleardistinctionmustbemadebetweenwesterncultureandthefreemarketsystem.Bothareobviousbyconnected,buttheyarenotoneandthesame.Infact,thefreemarketsystemsetsinmotionaseriesofchangesthat