主謂一致英語語法考點(diǎn)知識(shí)總結(jié)主謂一致英語語法考點(diǎn)知識(shí)總結(jié)主謂一致英語語法考點(diǎn)知識(shí)總結(jié)資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月主謂一致英語語法考點(diǎn)知識(shí)總結(jié)版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：主謂一致周容發(fā)布時(shí)間：2010-8-610:10:19英語中主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上必須保持一致。這種一致關(guān)系一般遵循三條原則：語法一致原則、概念（意義）一致原則、毗鄰一致原則。在用英語表達(dá)時(shí)，必須注意主謂一致，否則就容易出錯(cuò)。本文以三條原則為基礎(chǔ)對(duì)英語主謂一致進(jìn)行論述。1、語法上一致（grammatialconcord）。主要指動(dòng)詞和主語在數(shù)和人稱上的一致。傳統(tǒng)語法規(guī)則大多符合這個(gè)原則。1〉主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Thisgirliscleverenoughtostudymathswell.Themasseshavefullconfidenceinthetheirleaders2〉、一些由兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具，作主語時(shí)，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如glasses（眼鏡），clothes，trousers，shoes，compasses(圓規(guī))，shopsticks，scissors，scales(天平)，spectacles（眼鏡），gloves，stochings，pants等。例如：Histrousershavewornout.Myglassesarenew.但如果主語由“akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名詞”構(gòu)成時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如：Apairofshoeswasinthebox.“pair,piece+of+名詞或物主代詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與pair和piece等詞保持一致，與of之后的名詞或代詞無關(guān)。例如：Thepiecesofstonewerethencarriedtothenewplaceforthetemple,60metreshigherupthehill.Theywatchedpairsofpeoplewhoweresittingincollegecoffee—shopsforatleastanhour.3〉、如果主語被morethanone….或manya….修飾時(shí)，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，但它的謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。這符合語法一致原則。例如：Morethanonestudenthasseenthefilm.Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.但是，“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+thanone”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語動(dòng)詞一般多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.4〉、each,every,no所修飾的名詞即使以and或逗號(hào)連接成多個(gè)并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。例如：Eachboyandeachgirlwantstoservethepeople.Noteacherandnostudentisexcusedfromtakingpartinsuchastormydiscussion.Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoeducation.5〉、由and或both…and連結(jié)的主語有復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。這是遵循語法上一致原則的。例如：Ahammerandasawaretobeused.BothmysisterandmycousinstudyinShanghai.Plasticsandrubberneverrot.Walkingandridingaregoodexercises.但是，并列主語如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。例如：Thedirectorandchiefengineerisanexperiencedperson.Aknifeandforkisonthetable.Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.6〉、thiskindofbook=abookofthiskind(這種書)其謂語用單數(shù)；短語thiskindofmen=menofthiskind=thesekindofmen(口語)（這一類人），但thiskindofmen作主語，謂語用單數(shù)，menofthiskind和thesekindofmen的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。allkindsof后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Thiskindofmenisdangerous.Menofthiskindaredangerous.Thiskindofmanannoysme.Therearethreekindsofcomputer.Somenewtypesofbusareonshow.7〉、不定代詞each,either,neither,none,all,one,theother,anyone,anything,someone,some,more…等作主語，因其有單數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，以符合語法上一致原則。但在某特定情況下，不定代詞也有復(fù)數(shù)概念，這時(shí)一般用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。這樣，語言流暢自然而且也符合概念上一致和緊鄰一致原則。例如：Eachtakesacupofcoffee.Nobodyislistening.Nowallhasbeenchanged.Allarepresent.IinvitedbothPeterandJohn,butneitherhavecome.Iwonderifeitherarecoming.Thespeechwastedious.Nobody,noteventheteacher,werelistening.但Either,none,any,和neither后面如果有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”，動(dòng)詞可以用復(fù)數(shù)，也可以用單數(shù)；在正式文體中，單數(shù)形式更常用。例如：Do(es)anyofyouknowhisaddress.Noneofthemhas(have)seenthefilm.Weareexpectingguestsfromthecountry,butnoneofthemhasarrived.8〉、當(dāng)主語后跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togeterwith,but,except,besidees,including,inadditionto等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語中心詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasexcited.Anirenandsteelworks,withsomesatellitefactories,istobebuilthere.He,likeyouandXiaoLiisveryclever.NobodybutSmithandJohnwasinthelaboratoryyesterday.Everypictureexceptthesetwohasbeensold.Noone,besidesHelen,Joan,Mary,andAlice,iswillingtohelpme.Thefactory,includingitsmachines,wasburntlastnight.Hissisternolessthanyouiswrong.Thefather,ratherthanthebrothers,isresponsiblefortheaccident.但以下兩例除外，把它們可以看做受緊鄰關(guān)系影響。Nooneexcepthisownsupportersagree.(張道真語法第426頁)（GCE,7.24）Onemanwithhiswife,bothlookingveryanxious,werepleadingwithaguardtoletthemthrough.（GCE,7.28,Note[b]）9〉、關(guān)系代詞who,that,which等在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如：Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.Oldstampsthathavenotbeenusedareusuallymoreexpensivethanusedstamps.He,whodoesnotreachtheGreatWall,isnotatrueman.10〉、在“Itis或Itwas+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who….”的強(qiáng)調(diào)語句中，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語時(shí)，who或that后的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞保持一致。例如：Itishewhooftenhelpsme.ItisIwhohavesavedhiswife.11〉、在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/which/that”引導(dǎo)的的從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞who\that\which的先行詞是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞而不是one，因此，從句中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Thisisoneofthemostinterestingquestiongsthathavebeenasked.但是，但one之前有theonly等修飾語時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞的先行詞是one，而不是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，因此從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：Shewastheonlyoneofthegrilswhowaslateforthemeeting.12〉、“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“alotof、lotsof、plentyof、a(large)quantyof、therestof、aheapof、heapof+名詞”構(gòu)成短語作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要與短語中of后面的名詞數(shù)保持一致，這是因?yàn)槎陶Z中of后面的名詞是中心詞，而名詞前面的短語是修飾語。例如：70%oftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.Iknowthatoneofthetowersisonthetopofahill,buttherestofthebuildingsareeasytogetto.Three-fifthsoftheworkersherearewomen.Lotsofdamagewascausedbyfire.PlentyofEnglishbooksareontheshelf.Alargequantityofbeerwassold.Aquantityofblouseswereonsale.13)a(great)numberof,many,afew,quiteafew修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；alittle,much,agreatdealof,alargeamoutof修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：AnumberofotherplantswerefoundinAmerica,forexample,beans,potatoesanddifferentfruits.Agreatdealoftroubleliesbeforeus.Alargeamountof(Agreatdealof)damagewasdoneinaveryshorttime.14)(large)quantitiesof修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。Largeamountsof修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Quantitiesoffood(nuts)wereonthetable.Largeamountsofmoneywerespentonthebridge.15)thenumberof+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞，theamountof+不可數(shù)名詞，thequantityof+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成的短語，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Thequantityofbooksinthelibraryisamazing.Asaresult,thenumberofpeoplewhotravelbyplaneinChinaislargerthaneverbefore.Thequantityofheatintheofficehasnotbeenincreased.Theamountofmoneyisgreat.16)halfof，（a）partof修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Halfoftheyearhaspassed.Halfofthefruitisbad.Apartofthestoriesareinteresting.Partofhismoneyisspentinbuyingbooks.17),動(dòng)名詞及動(dòng)名詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、從句，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Noddingtheheadmeansagreement,whileshakingitmeansdisagreement.ToholdtheOlympicGamesisarichprizeforacountry.Whetherhesucceedsorfailsdoesn’tconcernme.Whentheywillcomehasn’tbeenmadepublic.Thatthishadhappenedisnotyourfault..2.概念（意義）上一致（notionalconcord）.指動(dòng)詞和主語在數(shù)上的一致是根據(jù)數(shù)的概念而不是根據(jù)數(shù)的形式。18）某些集體名詞，形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Thepolicearesearchingforhim.Cattleareonecauseoftheproblem.Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.TheChinesepeoplearebraveandhare-working.但people作“民族”講時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)。例如:Everypeoplehasitsownwaysofliving.TheChinesepeopleisabraveandhard-workingone.19)主語形式為復(fù)數(shù)而意義上卻是單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。這類詞有表示學(xué)科的名詞：physics,economics,statistics,linguistics,athletics,politics,mathematics.有表示山川，河流，人名，地名，作品名稱的專有名詞。如：theAlps,thePhilippines,Athens,Williams,TheTimes,theUnitedStates,theArabianNights等。有些常見的形復(fù)意單的普通名詞，如means,news,works,,measles,headquarters等。例如：Mathematicsisaveryinpertantsubject.Statisticsishismajor.TheUnitedStatesisinthewesternhemisphere.“TheArabianNights”isaveryinterestingstorybook.Taday’snewsisquitesurpising.TheAlpsisinEurope.Theglassworkswasrebiultin1959.AthensisthecapitalofGreece.TheTimeshasawidecirculation.Everymeanshasbeenadopted.但有時(shí)這類詞有復(fù)數(shù)意義，這時(shí)動(dòng)詞就要用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Allpossiblemeanshavebeentried,Statisticsshowthatthereisagreatincreaseinproduction.20)某些集體名詞（如family,team等）作主語時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果就其中的個(gè)體而言，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這類名詞有：audience,class,club,committee,company,crew,crowd,enemy,government,group,party,public,team,population等。例如：Myfamilyalllovemusic.Myfamilyisnotlarge.Thefootballteamarehavingbathsnow.Thefootballteamisplayingwell.ThepopulationinChinaisverylarge,andeightypercentofthepopulationinChinaarefarmers.“agroup(crowd)of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”等短語之后謂語動(dòng)詞既可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)部分。21）單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時(shí)，（如，sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese等），謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)意義決定單復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Asheepisoverthere.Somesheepareoverthere.Deerrunfasterthandogs.22)名詞所有格之后名詞被省略的情況一般只指商店、工場、住宅等，作主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。常見的省略名詞有：thebaker’s,thebarber’s,thecarpenter’s,theZhang’s等。例如：Ｍyuncle’sisnotfarfromhere.Thedoctor’sisonthesideofthestreet.表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待，但用作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Richardson’shavealotofleathergoodstosell.23）當(dāng)詞組中心詞為表示度量，距離，金額，時(shí)間等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，往往可以根據(jù)意義一致原則，把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Threeyearshaspassed.Tenmonthsisenoughforthemtomakeatrip.Fivepoundsisquiteenough.24）如果名詞詞組中心詞是all,most,half,rest,part等詞語，表示的是復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示的是單數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Allofmyclassmatesworkhard.Allofthewaterisgone.25）名詞性物主代詞后的動(dòng)詞，既可以用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)，這取決與它所代替的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Ours(ourparty)isagreatparty.Yourshoesareblack,minearebrown.26）such,thesame作指示代詞用時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指代的內(nèi)容來決定單復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Suchisourplan.Sucharehiswords.27)、疑問代詞who,what,which作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)說話人所要表達(dá)的意思決定單復(fù)數(shù)。例如：WholivesnextdoorItisXiaoLiu。WholivenextdoorTheZhangs.Whichis(are)yourbook(s).Whatproduce(s)heat28）、基數(shù)詞單純表示數(shù)字作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，但當(dāng)基數(shù)詞表示的不是數(shù)值而是數(shù)量的時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Tenbillionisalargenumber.Twelvewereboys.英語中算術(shù)式作主語時(shí)，若是減法和除法算式，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式；若是加法和乘法，謂語動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如;Threetakenfromeightleavesfive.TwelvedividedbyfouristhreeThreeand(plus)twois/arefourThreetimesfivesis/arefifteen.在提問加、減、乘、除得數(shù)時(shí)，如果用howmuch，謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式；如果用howmany提問，位于動(dòng)詞多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：HowmuchiseightdividedbytwoHowmanyaretwotimesfive29)、表示數(shù)量的oneandahalf后，名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)視具體情況而定。中心詞表示金錢、距離、時(shí)間等詞，常被看作是一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣用單數(shù)；中心詞是apple,banana等可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，位于動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣用復(fù)數(shù)，因?yàn)閛neandahalfof是大于“一”的概念。例如：Oneandahalfhoursisenoughformetofinishthecomposition.Oneandahalfbananaareleftonthetable.30)如果主語由“the+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)時(shí)，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù),這類詞有thebrave,thepoor,therich,theblind,thedead,thedeefanddumb,theoppressed,theinjured,thewounded,theunemployed等；但也有少數(shù)的過去分詞與定冠詞連用時(shí)指個(gè)別，則用單數(shù)。例如：Thtblindstudyinspecialschools.Thericharefortheplan,butthepoorareagainstit.Thedepartedwasawell-knownengineer.31)、theworld作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。例如：Itwillbethebiggetliveconcertthattheworldhaseverseen.Thewholeworldiswatchingfortheresultsoftalks.Halftheworldlivesbelowthepovertyline32)、由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)；所指的具體內(nèi)容若是復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Whatweneedismoretime.Whatweneedaredoctors。Whathesaysanddoesdoesnotconcernme.Whathesaysanddoesdonotagree.3、毗鄰一直（preximity）。指的是動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與它緊鄰的名詞或代詞的數(shù)一致。33）、由or,either….or,neither….nor,notonly…butalso…,not…but連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與最靠近它的那個(gè)詞