1、,主語 It is very important to master a foreign language. Reading newspapers can increase our knowledge. Being admitted to Harvard University is an honor. It is no use/good/useless doing It is fun/ a waste of time doing There is no need to do/ no doubt that /no point in doing There is no joking about s

2、uch matters. 這種事是不能開玩笑的。,賓語 (1)有些動(dòng)詞只要求動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，如want, decide, learn, pretend, hope, expect, refuse, manage, long, promise, offer, hate,(2) 要求用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，常見的這類動(dòng)詞有 admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, confess, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, envy, fancy, favor, finish, forbid, imagine, include,

3、 involve, keep, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practice, prevent, quit, resist, risk, stand, suggest, understand 等。,動(dòng)詞不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)Its difficult for you to study English. Its nice of you to help me. I feel it right to tell her the truth. 動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 在句中作主語或賓語等由動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語即物主代詞或名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞短語構(gòu)成 Their coming to

4、 help was a great encouragement to us She insisted on me/my/her mother(s) staying for lunch,We considered/found him (to be ) dishonest. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他不誠實(shí)。 We all suppose him to be dead. 我們都以為他死了。,有些動(dòng)詞如consider, prove, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也可跟 “賓語 + to be”的形式，使用中應(yīng)注意。例如：,賓語補(bǔ)足語 有些動(dòng)詞如all

5、ow, advise, ask, beg, believe, call, cause, enable, encourage, get, invite, order, teach, tell 等后邊常跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 I invited him to come here. He was invited to come here.,The teacher allowed me to finish my homework on Friday. 在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞后；在see, watch, look at, observe, feel, hear, listen t

6、o, notice等表示感官的動(dòng)詞后省去動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)“to”。但如這些詞用被動(dòng)，則帶to That made me quit. He was heard to reject the suggestion.,1. 不定式作賓補(bǔ),I was made to quit.,2.-ing做賓補(bǔ) 1.感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, find sb. doing等 2.使役動(dòng)詞have，get, leave, keep, send, wont have sb doing等 I found the man lying on the ground. Tom kept us waiting in the wind

7、. The explosion sent us running in all directions. I wont have my children saying dirty words. 當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)時(shí) The man was found lying on the ground. We were kept waiting in the wind.,-ed 做賓補(bǔ) 1.感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, find sb/sth done等 2.使役動(dòng)詞have，get, leave, keep等 He raised his voice to make himself heard. We hea

8、rd the story told. We heard the story being told. 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)時(shí) They left the work half done. The work was left half done. Her bike was found stolen.,She found her bike stolen,當(dāng) “have”作“有”解釋時(shí)，如果后面跟有表達(dá)某些感情的名difficulty, trouble, problem, fun, a hard time等通常使用動(dòng)名詞，實(shí)際上這種句型是在動(dòng)名詞前省去了介詞in。例如：,He has difficulty (

9、in) speaking English? I still remember the great fun I had _ Disneyland. A. visited B visiting C visit D to visit,定語 不定式作定語常表將來，與靠近的名詞或代詞有邏輯的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但其邏輯主語是句子的主語，一般用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。,I have much work to do . He is always the first to come. I d like some exciting music to listen to.,We found the book difficult to u

10、nderstand.,如果句子找不出上述邏輯主語，或不定式的邏輯主語不是句中主語時(shí)，則一般用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。,Her boss got a lot of letters to be typed. (不是老板自己打，而是別人打),“Do you have any clothes to be washed today”,-ing作定語與所修飾的名詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，或表進(jìn)行 -ed作定語表被動(dòng)，或完成 The car waiting outside, songs written by Jackson. Fallen leaves, retired workers 不能用分詞的完成式作定語，但中間有逗號(hào)隔開

11、時(shí)可以如 The boy having won the gold metal is my cousin. X The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 對(duì)比： The meeting held yesterday/being held now/ to be held tomorrow,狀語,不定式做狀語大多表目的，放后面時(shí)不用逗號(hào)隔開；有時(shí)表出乎意料的結(jié)果，一般有逗號(hào)。 The children all turned _the famous actress as she en

12、tered the classroom. A.looked atB.to look atC.to looking atD.look at Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _reduce unemployment pressures. A.help B.to have helped C.to help D.having helped H

13、e woke up （only）to see he was in hospital.,分詞及分詞短語作狀語可表示時(shí)間，原因，條件，結(jié)果，讓步，方式或伴隨情況。分詞（短語）可以放在句首也可放在句末，通常用逗號(hào)與句子其他部分隔開。分詞前可帶“when, while, as, once, until, if ”等連接詞。例如： （While） Walking along the street, we found a purse lying on the ground. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students. Not h

14、aving received an answer, I wrote again. Not having been tested, this new-type oil pump cant be put into production.,常用過去分詞形式作定語，補(bǔ)語，狀語的動(dòng)詞： Seated, dressed, lost, gone, hidden, exposed, devoted, absorbed, caught, stuck等，但如果這些詞后有賓語則用主動(dòng)，如 _ his way in the forest, he burst into tears. _ in the forest, h

15、e burst into tears. I saw a girl _ to the rain. I saw a girl _ herself to the rain. 常用主動(dòng)的 感官動(dòng)詞（look，smell, taste等），sell，hang, measure,Losing,Lost,exposed,exposing,固定結(jié)構(gòu)： Generally/ honestly speaking Judging from/by Compared to/ with To tell the truth To be honest Considering/given Given/considering h

16、is interest in children, teaching seem the right job for her.,分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),Everything having been prepared, they began to make a new experiment. The meeting being over, we held a discussion. He left the room angrily, without a word more spoken. There being a lot of books to read, he often studied till mid

17、night.,1. _(finish)his homework , he went out to play. 2._the project in time, the staff were working at weekends. A.Completing B.Having completed C.To have completed D.To complete 3._, you need to give all you have and try your best. A.Being a winner B.To be a winner C.Be a winner D.Having been a w

18、inner 4._and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. A.To be tired B.Tired C.Tiring D.Being tired 5._ down the radio- the babys asleep in the next room. A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn 6._ in thought , he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing

19、 B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 7. _up, or youll be late. A. Hurrying B. Hurry C having hurried D. hurried 8._ (buy)some chocolate when you are in Italy. 9. _ some chocolate is what tourists in Italy often do.,在句型“There be no主語”中，習(xí)慣上常用ing形式作主語，且不帶邏輯主語。如： There is no parking around here. 這周圍不準(zhǔn)停車。

20、There is no telling what will happen. (=It is impossible to tell what will happen.) 無法知道會(huì)發(fā)生什么。,不定式進(jìn)行式：動(dòng)詞不定式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 I happened to be traveling in London. 不定式 完成式：動(dòng)詞不定式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,They are known to have come to a decision on the matter.,完成進(jìn)行式：不定式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前開始發(fā)生，并延續(xù)到那個(gè)時(shí)候，可能仍在進(jìn)

21、行。,He is said to have been working in this factory for more than twenty years.,動(dòng)名詞完成式：動(dòng)名詞完成式表示其動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。例如,I regret not having taken your advice.,動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)式：當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作對(duì)象時(shí)，該動(dòng)名詞要求用被動(dòng)形式。例如： I still remember _to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. A.to take B.to be taken C. taking D.being ta

22、ken,如果主要謂語所表示的動(dòng)作（或情況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)，不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。,不定式的進(jìn)行式主要有下列幾種用法,1在某些動(dòng)詞后作賓語，如： They are said to be building another bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. I happened to be going that way too. He pretended to be listening attentively. 在某些動(dòng)詞后賓補(bǔ)，如： We didnt expect you t

23、o be waiting for us here.,如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的時(shí)間之前一直在進(jìn)行，就需要用完成進(jìn)行式，如： They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. She wished to have been studying as hard as the others. Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.,當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要采用被動(dòng)形式。,十、 不定式的被動(dòng)形式有下列用法,1作主語： It

24、is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 2作賓語： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang. 3賓補(bǔ)： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that. The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 5作定語： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the te

25、achers office? 6作狀語： She was too young to be assigned such work.,不定式有時(shí)還可以有完成式的被動(dòng)式，在句中作主語、賓語、定語，或者構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語、復(fù)合謂語等，如： It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主語） She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (賓語)） He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. The book is s

26、aid to have been translated into many languages. 總結(jié)：不定式各種形式?？家c(diǎn)： happen， seem，pretend，be said/believed/ reported, Its an honor to do/ to be done/ to be doing/ to have done / to have been doing/ to have been done,分詞各種形式,1. being done Being exposed to sunlight is harmful to our skin. The house being b

27、uilt will be our library. He is fond of being praised. By taking the back way, he escaped being seen. Being painted, the house looks like a mess. I saw my son being beaten by that rude man.,主語,定語,賓語,狀語,賓補(bǔ),賓語,He forgot having locked the door. Having finished his homework, Tom went home. Having been kept in the fridge for two hours, the food has gone bad. Everything having been p