1、Lecture 4,Rhythm The rising intonation: incompleteness & uncertainty or questioning The falling-rising: feelings of hesitation, contrast, reservation or doubt. Intonation and stress work together to express meaning. Intonation makes it easier for a listener to understand what a speaker is trying to

2、convey.,The end,The grammatical function, 將句子按不同的意思分成小組或語(yǔ)群，在不同小組之間予以適當(dāng)?shù)耐ｎD，并加以不同的語(yǔ)調(diào)，就會(huì)相應(yīng)地產(chǎn)生不同的意思。 Those who sold quickly / made a profit. Those who sold / quickly made a profit.,The discourse function, In speech, people often use intonation to focus the listeners attention on aspects of the message t

3、hat are most important. So the placement of the nucleus or tonic stress depends on the “information content”: the more predictable a words occurrence is in a given context, the lower its information content is. E.g.: The telephone is ringing. The kettle is boiling. In speech, people often use the fo

4、llowing tone for new information and the rising or falling-rising for “shared” of “given” information.,Practice: Unit 15, 建議聽(tīng)錄音前四部分。,Types of Intonation in English We call the melody of language intonation: the total pattern of pitch changes, i.e., the rising and falling of the voice when a person i

5、s speaking. Rising and falling are the two basic intonation patterns. When they go together, they can make a falling-rising tone. Unit 13 (停止鍵左邊處：第四五六七部分句子跟讀): Speaking Falling/Rising/Falling-rising/ Intonation /Imitation,4 Intonation Patterns, fall / low-rise / high-rise / mixed rise and fall Ive s

6、poken with the CLEAner. Go and see a DOCtor. You like it, DONT you? You dont mind if I take the book away, do you? Yes.,Intonation Unit, Tone groups/ tone-units/sense groups/ word groups An intonation unit may contain several syllables, some stressed and some unstressed. The last stressed syllable i

7、s ususally a marker of the highest importance and is the focus stress. On this syllable, there takes place a change of pitch. I am WRiting a LETter to him NOW.,Intonation Unit, Tail(T), nucleus (N) head (H) & pre-head (P) of an intonation unit I am WRIting a LET ter to him. P H N T Possible structures of an intonation unit: P H N T: We are learning a foreign language. P H N: I am afraid we cant go. P NT: We hope so. P N : It was at night. H N T: Then are they coming? H N : Peter has ar