書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川文化產(chǎn)業(yè)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.寫作題

Directions:Inthispart,youareexpectedtowriteacompositionentitledProsConsofBuyingaCarinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines.

有人贊成買私家車

有人反對買私家車

我的看法

【答案】略

2.單選題

Sincehisinjurywasserious,thedoctorsuggestedthathe（）inthegame.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.didnotplay

B.mustnotplay

C.notplay

D.nottoplay

【答案】C

【解析】suggest表建議時用虛擬語氣，用should+動詞原形，should可省略，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

3.翻譯題

每個人一生中都該有個志向，否則他的精力便會浪費(fèi)掉。每個青年人都力求成為一個有成就的人物。一個青年人只期望富有是不明智的，或只專心于求得權(quán)力與名望也是不對的。一個青年人希望做個有成就者，結(jié)果常常會實(shí)現(xiàn)。狄斯拉里(Disraeli)的故事是個例證。狄斯拉里開始過公眾生活時渴望能成為一個學(xué)者及演說家。他在文學(xué)方面的成就比演說方面更為成功。起初他作為一個演說家時是完全失敗的。不過，他認(rèn)為有把握克服障礙，遂以不屈不撓的精神致力于這個目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。他的一些朋友認(rèn)為他這個念頭是蠢的，甚至是古怪的，但他堅(jiān)持目標(biāo)不舍，最后終于成功，成為英國曾經(jīng)產(chǎn)生的知識最豐富的學(xué)者與最雄辯的演說家之一。這個故事并不是用來說明：只是大學(xué)者或演說家，或二者兼而有之者才是有成就的人物。除了做學(xué)者或演說家之外，還有許多同樣高尚與可敬的事業(yè)。它只是用來說明一個青年人須志向高遠(yuǎn)，因?yàn)椤皩幙芍靖叨_(dá)不到目標(biāo)，也不要志低而達(dá)到”。

TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.

【答案】Everyoneshouldpossessanambitioninhislifetime,orhisenergywillbewasted.Everyyoungmantriestobeapersonwithgreatachievements.Ayoungmanwhoonlypursueswealthorfocusesonpowerandreputationisnotwise.Itwillberealisticforayoungmantobecomeanachiever.Disraeliisagoodexample.Disraelihopedtobecomeascholarandelocutionistatthebeginningofhispubliclife.Hewasmoresuccessfulinthefieldofliteraturethanspeech.Hewasacompletefailureasanelocutionistinitially.However,hewasdeterminedtoovercomeobstacles,thereforehewasdevotedtorealizingthepurposewithhisperseverance.Someofhisfriendsthoughthewasfoolishorevenwhimsical,buthepersistedinhispurposeandsucceedfinally.HebecameoneofthemostknowledgeableandeloquentinBritain.Thisstoryisnotusedforillustratingthatonlybeingascholarorspeechmaker,orbeingbothofthemcanbeapersonwithachievements.Besidesscholarandelocutionist,thereareothernobleandworshipfulcareers.Thestoryisjustexplainingthatayoungmanshouldhaveloftyambitionsbecause“weprefertobenotabletoreachouraimsfortheyarehighambitionratherthanhavelowambitiontoobtainthem”.

4.單選題

Beijingisa（）city,andstillmorepeoplearepouringin.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.popular

B.populate

C.populace

D.populous

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。popular“受歡迎的”；populate“居住于”，是動詞；populace“大眾，平民”；populous“人口多的”。句意：北京是一座人口稠密的城市，仍然還有很多人涌入。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.單選題

Ineducationthereshouldbeagood（

）amongthebranchesofknowledgethat

contributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.distribution

B.combination

C.assignment

D.balance

【答案】D

【解析】句意:教育領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，在促進(jìn)有效思考和機(jī)智判斷的不同知識分支中應(yīng)該有一個良好的平衡。

考查名詞辨析。Distribution分配,分布,分發(fā);combination結(jié)合,聯(lián)合,混合;assignment(分派的)工作，任務(wù),(工作等的)分派;balance平衡。分析題干可知此處表示“保持平衡”。故選D。

6.單選題

Ifinnovatorsarenotfinanciallyrewardedfortheirinnovations,theincentiveforpath-breakinginnovationwilleventuallydryup.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.investment

B.resource

C.inspiration

D.stimulus

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析。句意:如果創(chuàng)新者不能從改革創(chuàng)新中獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)回報，那么他們的創(chuàng)新最終就會減弱。investment:投資，投入;resource:資源，財力;inspiration:靈感，鼓舞;stimulus刺激。incentive:動機(jī)，刺激。故選D。

7.單選題

Accordingtoanthropologists,peopleinpre-industrialsocietiesspent3to4hoursperdayorabout20hoursperweekdoingtheworknecessaryforlife.Moderncomparisonsoftheamountofworkperformedperweek,however,beginwiththeIndustrialRevolution（1760-1840）when10-to-12-hourworkdayswithsixworkdaysperweekwerethenorm.Even,withextensivetimedevotedtowork,however,bothincomesandstandardsoflivingwerelow.AsincomesroseneartheendoftheIndustrialRevolution,itbecameincreasinglycommontotreatSaturdayafternoonsasahalf-dayholiday.ThehalfholidayhadbecomestandardpracticeinBritainbythe1870’s,butdidnotbecomecommonintheUnitedStatesuntilthe1920’s.

IntheUnitedStates,thefirstthirdofthetwentiethcenturysawtheworkweekmovefrom60hoursperweektojustunder50hoursbythestartofthe19305s.In1914HenryFordreduceddailyworkhoursathisautomobileplantsfrom9to8.In1926heannouncedthathenceforthhisfactorieswouldclosefortheentiredayonSaturday.Atthetime,FordreceivedcriticismfromotherfirmssuchasUnitedStatesSteelandWestinghouse,buttheideawaspopularwithworkers.

TheDepressionyearsofthe1930havebroughtwiththemthenotionofjobsharingtospreadavailableworkaround;theworkweekdroppedtoamodemlowfortheUnitedStatesof35hours.In1938theFairLaborStandardsActmandatedaweeklymaximumof40hourstobeginin1940,andsincethattimethe8-hourday,5-dayworkweekhasbeenthestandardintheUnitedStates.Adjustmentsinvariousplaces,however,showthatthisstandardisnotimmutable.In1987,forexample,Germanmetalworkersstruckforandreceiveda37.5-hourworkweek;andin1990manyworkersinBritainwona37-hourweek.Since1989,theJapanesegovernmenthasmovedfroma6-toa5-dayworkweekandhassetanationaltargetof1800workhoursperyearfortheaverageworker.TheaverageamountofworkperyearinJapanin1989was2088hoursperworker,comparedto1957fortheUnitedStatesand1646forFrance.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Comparedtopre-industrialtimes,thenumberofhoursintheworkweekinthenineteenthcentury（）.

3.WhatisonereasonforthechangeinthelengthoftheworkweekfortheaverageworkerintheUnitedStatesduringthe1930’s?

4.WhichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthepurposesoftheFairLaborStandardsActof1938?

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasevidencethatthelengthoftheworkweekhasbeendecliningsincethenineteenthcentury?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Whypeopleinpre-industrialsocietiesworkedfewhoursperweek

B.WorkingconditionsduringtheIndustrialRevolution

C.Acomparisonofthenumberofhoursworkedperyearinseveralindustries

D.Changesthathaveoccurredinthenumberofhoursthatpeopleworkperweek

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.remainedconstant

B.decreasedslightly

C.increasedsignificantly

D.decreasedsignificantly

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentinstituteda35-hourworkweek.

B.LaborstrikesinseveralcountriesinfluencedlaborpolicyintheUnitedStates.

C.Severalcorporationsincreasedthelengthoftheworkweek.

D.Severalpeoplesometimessharedasinglejob.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Todiscourageworkersfromaskingforincreasedwages

B.Toallowemployerstosetthelengthoftheworkweekfortheirworkers

C.Toestablishalimitonthenumberofhoursintheworkweek

D.Torestricttradewithcountriesthathadalongworkweek

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thehalf-dayholiday

B.UnitedStatesSteelandWestinghouse

C.HenryFord

D.Germanmetalworkers

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文首先將前工業(yè)時代的周工時與工業(yè)革命時期的周工時進(jìn)行比較，接著說明了不同年代周工時的變化。故D項(xiàng)“人們每周工作的時長發(fā)生了變化”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞pre-industrialtimes定位到第一段“peopleinpre-industrialsocietiesspent3to4hoursperdayorabout20hoursperweekdoingtheworknecessaryforlife.Moderncomparisonsoftheamountofworkperformedperweek,however,beginwiththeIndustrialRevolution（1760-1840）when10-to-12-hourworkdayswithsixworkdaysperweekwerethenorm.前工業(yè)社會的人們每天花3到4個小時，或每周花20個小時做生活所必需的工作。然而，對每周工作量的現(xiàn)代比較始于工業(yè)革命（1760年至1840年），當(dāng)時每周工作6天、每天工作10至12小時是常態(tài)?！睋?jù)此可知19世紀(jì)每周的工作時間相比前工業(yè)時代有大幅增長。故C項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第三段“TheDepressionyearsofthe1930havebroughtwiththemthenotionofjobsharingtospreadavailableworkaround;theworkweekdroppedtoamodernlowfortheUnitedStatesof35hours.20世紀(jì)30年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條帶來了工作分擔(dān)的概念，使人們可以到處尋找工作;在美國，每周工作時間降至35小時的現(xiàn)代最低點(diǎn)?！笨芍绹芄r下降的原因是一些人共同分擔(dān)一個工作。故D項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“FairLaborStandardsAct”定位到第三段“In1938theFairLaborStandardsActmandatedaweeklymaximumof40hourstobeginin1940,andsincethattimethe8-hourday,5-dayworkweekhasbeenthestandardintheUnitedStates.1938年，《公平勞動標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法》（FairLaborStandardsAct）規(guī)定，從1940年開始，每周工作時間不得超過40小時。從那以后，8小時工作制和5天工作制就成了美國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！庇纱丝芍摲ò冈O(shè)定每周40小時的工作時間的目的是給美國工人提出的一個工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以此限定每周的工時。故C項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文中有關(guān)“UnitedStatesSteelandWestinghouse”的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在“In1926heannouncedthathenceforthhisfactorieswouldclosefortheentiredayonSaturday.Atthetime,FordreceivedcriticismfromotherfirmssuchasUnitedStatesSteelandWestinghouse,buttheideawaspopularwithworkers.1926年，他宣布從今以后他的工廠將在星期六全天關(guān)閉。當(dāng)時，福特受到了美國鋼鐵公司（UnitedStatesSteel）和西屋電氣公司（Westinghouse）等其他公司的批評，但這個想法受到了工人的歡迎?！庇纱丝芍@兩個公司不贊成福特周六不上班的想法。故B項(xiàng)不是自19世紀(jì)以來周工時削減的證據(jù)。答案B。

8.填空題

Contractionoffrontandsidepartsofthebrain—ascellsdieoff—wasobservedinsomesubjectsintheirthirty,butitwasstillnotevidentinsomesixty—andseventy-year-olds.

A

B

C

D

【答案】Cthirty改為thirties

【解析】【考查點(diǎn)】固定表達(dá)。

【解題思路】inone’sthirties意思為“在某人三十多歲時”，這里指的年齡是概數(shù)。

【句意】有的人大腦前部和側(cè)部的收縮——隨著細(xì)胞的死亡——在三十多歲時就能被觀察到了，但是也有些人直到六七十歲依然不明顯。

9.單選題

Iftheseshoesaretoobig,asktheclerktobringyouasmaller（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pair

B.suit

C.one

D.set

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：如果這些鞋太大了，請店員給你拿一雙更小的。結(jié)合語境，由前文談及“這些鞋子”，即應(yīng)該是成對的，故應(yīng)該用“一雙”，則A為正確答案。

10.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Thereisaquestion,however,thatmustbeansweredbeforethissynthesisisattempted,namely,whicharethesocialtendenciesthataregeneralhumancharacteristics?Itiseasytobemisledinthisrespect.Muchofoursocialbehaviorisautomatic.Somemaybeinstinctive,thatis,organicallydetermined.Muchmoreisbasedonconditionedresponses,thatis,determinedbysituationssopersistentlyandearlyimpresseduponusthatwearenolongerawareofthecharacterofthebehaviorandalsoordinarilyunawareoftheexistenceorpossibilityofadifferentbehavior.Thus,acriticalexaminationofwhatisgenerallyvalidforallhumanityandwhatisspecificallyvalidfordifferentculturaltypescomestobeamatterofgreatconcerntostudentsofsociety.Thisisoneoftheproblemsthatinduceustolayparticularstressuponthestudyofculturethatarehistoricallyaslittleaspossiblerelatedtoourown.Theirstudyenablesustodeterminethosetendenciesthatarecommontoallmankindandthosebelongingtospecifichumansocietiesonly.

Anothervistaopensifweaskourselveswhetherthecharacteristicsofhumansocietyareevenmorewidelydistributedandfoundalsointheanimalworld.Relationsofindividualsorofgroupsofindividualsmaybelookedatfromthreepointsofview:relationstotheorganicandinorganicouterworld,relationsamongmembersofthesamesocialgroup,andwhat,forlackofabetterterm,maybedesignatedassubjectivelyconditionedrelations.Imeanbythistermthoseattitudesthatarisegraduallybygivingvaluesandmeaningstoactivities,asgoodorbad,rightorwrong,beautifulorugly,purposiveorcausallydetermined.Relationswiththeorganicandinorganicouterworldareestablishedprimarilybytheobtainingofsustenance,protectionagainstrigoroftheclimate,andgeographicallimitationsofvariedkinds.Therelationsofmembersamongthesamesocialgroupincludetherelationofsexes,habitsofformingsocialgroupsandtheirforms.Obviously,thesephasesofhumanlifearesharedbyanimals.Theirfoodrequirementsarebiologicallydeterminedandadjustedtothegeographicalenvironmentinwhichtheylive.Acquisitionandstorageoffoodarefoundamonganimalsaswellasinman.Theneedofprotectionagainstclimateandenemiesisalsooperativeinanimalsociety,andadjustmenttotheseneedsintheformofnestsordensiscommon.Nolessaretherelationsbetweenmembersofsocialgroupspresentinanimallife,foranimalsocietiesofvariedstructureoccur.Itappears,therefore,thataconsiderablefieldofsocialphenomenadoesnotbyanymeansbelongtomanalonebutissharedbytheanimalworld,andthequestionsmustbeasked:whattraitsarecommontohumanandanimalsocieties?

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?Oursocialbehavioris（）.

2.Whyissocialbehaviordifficulttochange?

3.Inordertoanswerthequestion:“whicharethesocialtendenciesthataregeneralhumancharacteristics?”wehavetoemphasizeonthestudyof（）.

4.Thethreepointsofviewthatindicatetherelationsofindividualsare（）.

5.Formthedefinitionsofthethreepointsofview,accordingtothepassage,wecaninferthat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.morebasedonlearnedreactionsthannaturaltendency

B.moreinherentlydeterminedthanearlyimpressed

C.morespontaneousthaninborn

D.morebasedoninherentthanconstitutionalbehavior

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.One’sbehaviorisinbornsothatnothingcanbedoneaboutit.

B.One’sbehaviorisinstinctivesothathe/shecan’tactdifferently.

C.One’sbehavioristaughtfromchildhoodsothatitisfixedasnormalinhis/herchildhood.

D.Ifoneneverchangeshis/hergeographicaldwelling,his/hersocialbehaviorcanneverbechanged.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.humanbehavior

B.humanorgans

C.culture

D.environment

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.relationscharacterizedbynaturaldevelopment;relationsthatareculturallydetermined;sociallyacceptedbehavioramongthegroup

B.relationstonaturalandunnaturalworld;relationsamongpeople;conditionedrelations

C.relationstoorganicandinorganicouterworld;relationsamonghumanbehavior;objectivelyconditionedrelations

D.relationstolivingenvironment;relationsamongmembersofthesamesocialgroup;subjectivelyconditionedrelations

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.conditionedrelationsareacquired

B.relationstotheorganicandinorganicouterworldareinstinctive

C.relationsamongmembersorthesamesocialgrouparelearned

D.alloftheabove

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Muchmoreisbasedonconditionedresponses,thatis,determinedbysituationssopersistentlyandearlyimpresseduponusthatwearenolongerawareofthecharacterofthebehaviorandalsoordinarilyunawareoftheexistenceorpossibilityofadifferentbehavior.更多的是建立在條件反應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)上，也就是說，條件反應(yīng)是由長期的和早期的情況所決定的，我們不再意識到行為的特征，通常也沒有意識到不同行為的存在或可能性?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“更多的是基于習(xí)得的反應(yīng)，而不是自然傾向”；B項(xiàng)“更多的是內(nèi)在的決心而不是早期的印象”，與原文不符；C項(xiàng)“自發(fā)的多于天生的”，與原文不符；D項(xiàng)“更多地基于天生而不是本質(zhì)的行為”，與原文不符，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Muchmoreisbasedonconditionedresponses,thatis,determinedbysituationssopersistentlyandearlyimpresseduponusthatwearenolongerawareofthecharacterofthebehaviorandalsoordinarilyunawareoftheexistenceorpossibilityofadifferentbehavior.更多的是建立在條件反應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)上，也就是說，條件反應(yīng)是由長期的和早期的情況所決定的，我們不再意識到行為的特征，通常也沒有意識到不同行為的存在或可能性?！笨赏浦狢項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“一個人的行為是與生俱來的，因此沒有什么可以改變它。”，與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“一個人的行為是本能的，所以他/她不會有不同的行為?！?，與原文不符；C項(xiàng)“一個人的行為是從小就被教導(dǎo)的，因此在他/她的童年就被固定下來，作為正常的行為。”；D項(xiàng)“如果一個人永遠(yuǎn)不改變他/她的居住地，他/她的社會行為也永遠(yuǎn)不會改變?！?，與原文不符，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Theirstudyenablesustodeterminethosetendenciesthatarecommontoallmankindandthosebelongingtospecifichumansocietiesonly.他們的研究使我們能夠確定哪些傾向是全人類共有的，哪些只屬于特定的人類社會?！笨赏浦狢項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“人類行為”；B項(xiàng)“人類器官”；C項(xiàng)“文化”；D項(xiàng)“環(huán)境”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:推理判斷題。最后一段中提及的三個觀點(diǎn)：relationstotheorganicandinorganicouterworld、relationsamongmembersofthesamesocialgroup和conditionedrelations（有機(jī)和無機(jī)外部世界的關(guān)系、同一社會群體成員之間的關(guān)系和條件關(guān)系），B、C、D三個選項(xiàng)均不符合題干要求，所以A項(xiàng)與原文相符。A項(xiàng)“以自然發(fā)展為特點(diǎn)的關(guān)系；由文化決定的關(guān)系；群體間被社會所接受的行為”；B項(xiàng)“與自然和非自然世界的關(guān)系；人們之間的關(guān)系；條件關(guān)系”，與題意不符；C項(xiàng)“與外部世界有機(jī)和無機(jī)的關(guān)系；人類行為的關(guān)系；客觀條件的關(guān)系”，與題意不符；D項(xiàng)“與生活環(huán)境的關(guān)系；同一社會群體成員之間的關(guān)系；主觀條件關(guān)系”，與題意不符，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中“Imeanbythistermthoseattitudesthatarisegraduallybygivingvaluesandmeaningstoactivities…我用這個術(shù)語意指那些通過賦予活動價值和意義而逐漸產(chǎn)生的態(tài)度……”，可知A項(xiàng)“條件關(guān)系是獲得的”與原文相符；由題干定位到文章最后一段中“Relationswiththeorganicandinorganicouterworldareestablishedprimarilybytheobtainingofsustenance,protectionagainstrigoroftheclimate,andgeographicallimitationsofvariedkinds.與有機(jī)和無機(jī)外部世界的關(guān)系主要是通過獲得食物、抵御嚴(yán)酷的氣候和各種地理限制來建立的。”可知B項(xiàng)“與有機(jī)和無機(jī)外部世界的關(guān)系是本能的”與原文相符；最后一段提到“Relationswiththeorganicandinorganicouterworldareestablishedprimarilybytheobtaining…”，即成員與群體間的關(guān)系是習(xí)得的，C選項(xiàng)正確。所以D項(xiàng)“以上各選項(xiàng)”正確。A項(xiàng)“條件關(guān)系是獲得的”；B項(xiàng)“與有機(jī)和無機(jī)外部世界的關(guān)系是本能的”；C項(xiàng)“成員或同一社會群體之間的關(guān)系是習(xí)得的”；D項(xiàng)“以上各選項(xiàng)”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

11.翻譯題

在圣誕節(jié)這一天，許多美國人去做禮拜或是走親訪友。他們會吃一頓特別的大餐。在圣誕節(jié)這一天，無論美國人走到哪里，他們都會互相祝福“圣誕快樂”。在美國，音樂是慶祝圣誕節(jié)的重要方式。美國人喜歡各種各樣的圣誕歌曲。

【答案】OnthedayofChristmas,manyAmericansgotochurchorvisittheirrelativesandfriends.Theyalwayshaveaspecialdinner.Onthatday,whereverAmericansgo,theyalwayswisheachotherMerryChristmas.MusicisoftenanimportantwaytocelebrateChristmasintheUnitedStates.AmericansenjoyallkindsofChristmassongs.

12.單選題

（

）excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoodshasseriousconsequencesashasbeenproved.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theoretically

B.Presumably

C.Incredibly

D.Practically

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)theoretically“理論地，理論上”；B選項(xiàng)presumably“據(jù)推測，很可能，大概”；C選項(xiàng)incredibly“極其，難以置信地”；D選項(xiàng)practically“實(shí)際上，幾乎，差不多”。由ashasbeenproved（如已證實(shí)的那樣）可知前面的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是一種猜測比較符合邏輯，即證實(shí)推測。句意：據(jù)推測，過度食用油炸食品會造成嚴(yán)重后果，這已被證實(shí)。

13.單選題

AsmanyofthearticlesinthisissueofTheMcKinseyQuarterlydemonstrate,companiesinthedevelopedworldareoutsourcing（資源外置）everlargerportionsoftheirbusinesstolow-cost,highlyskilledworkersinthedevelopingworld.Drivingthistrendistheremarkableabilityoftheglobalworkforcetolearnonthejob.

Infact,therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,political,andintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.TheresearchoftheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute(MGI)duringthepastdecadehasconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicallyhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

MGIhasfoundampleevidenceinthedevelopingworldtosupportthisconclusion.InBrazil,forexample,thetwoleadingprivateretailbanksarelocallyownedandstaffedbutachievenear-globallevelsofbest-practiceproductivity.AHondafactoryinBrazilperformsalmostaswellasthecompany’sJapaneseandUSplants.Inthesamecountry,theFrenchhypermarketchainCarrefourachievesabout90percentoftheproductivitythatitachievesathome.

Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Ihavebeguntosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon'tforceit.Afterall,that'showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn'thavetimeforeducation.Theydidn'thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.

Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn'tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld’sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn'tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.

1.Wecanconcludefromthesecondparagraphthatinpoorcountries（

）.

2.Accordingtothelastparagraph,theeconomicgrowthisneeded

（

）.

3.Accordingtothetext,educationgotstarted（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.progressineducationisnecessaryforthepoliticaldevelopment

B.theimportanceofeducationhasbeenoverestimated

C.thepooreducationresultsinthelowstandardsofliving

D.thetraditionalviewabouteducationisgroundless

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.beforeeducationcanprogress

B.beforeapoliticalsystemcanoperate

C.inpoorcountriestoescapepoverty

D.toadapttothecompetitiveenvironment

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.whenthegovernmentforcedpeopletostudy

B.whenourancestorshadenoughtime

C.whenourancestorswerenolongerphysicallyhungry

D.beforeourancestorsfoundbetterwaystogetfood

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong（然而，在貧窮國家教育應(yīng)該是最優(yōu)先促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的觀點(diǎn)是錯誤的）可知B選項(xiàng)“教育的重要性被高估了”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由最后一段中的Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation...Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn'tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforeseeablefuture.（當(dāng)競爭環(huán)境推動我們的祖先實(shí)現(xiàn)這一潛力時，他們又能提供更多的教育……然而，缺乏正規(guī)教育并不會限制發(fā)展中國家勞動力在可預(yù)見的未來大幅度提高生產(chǎn)力的能力）可知經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長需要適應(yīng)競爭環(huán)境，因此選D。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第四段的內(nèi)容為：教育與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的真正關(guān)系是什么？我開始懷疑持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長會促進(jìn)教育的發(fā)展，即使政府不強(qiáng)制教育。畢竟，教育就是這樣開始的。當(dāng)我們的祖先一萬年前是獵人和采集者時，他們沒有時間接受教育?？芍逃_始在我們的祖先找到更好的食物的方法之前，因此選D。

14.單選題

WecanrelyonWilliamtocarryoutthismission,forhisjudgmentisalways______enough.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inexplicable

B.healthy

C.sound

D.straight

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)inexplicable“費(fèi)解的；無法說明的；不能解釋的”；B選項(xiàng)healthy“健康的，健全的；有益于健康的”；C選項(xiàng)sound“合理的；無損的；有能力的；充足的；徹底的；熟睡的；資金充實(shí)的；嚴(yán)厲的；健全的”；D選項(xiàng)straight“直的；連續(xù)的；筆直的；正直的；整齊的；異性戀的”。句意：我們可以靠威廉去完成這個任務(wù)，因?yàn)樗臎Q策總是合理的。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Theyoungemployeehasa(n)（）quality—heistotallyhonest.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.respectable

B.admirable

C.decent

D.approachable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)respectable“值得尊敬的人；相當(dāng)數(shù)量的”；B選項(xiàng)admirable“令人欽佩的；極好的；值得贊揚(yáng)的”；C選項(xiàng)decent“正派的；得體的；相當(dāng)好的”；D選項(xiàng)approachable“親切友善的；易理解的；可接近的”。句意：這個年輕的雇員有一個……品質(zhì)——他完全誠實(shí)。雖然respectable和admirable都是褒義詞，但均帶有仰視的含義，而本題提及的是一個youngemployee具有的品質(zhì)，不需要仰視，就用C選項(xiàng)decent修飾足以。

16.單選題

Insomewaystheyareamarketer’sdream.Theyhavebillionsofdollarsinincome—andspendmostofit.Althoughtheirindividualpurchasesaresmall,theybuyregularly,ofteninresponsetopeerpressure.Theyareheavilyinfluencedbytelevisionadvertising.And,asaresultoftoday’ssmallerfamiliesandtheincreaseinthenumberoftwo-incomehouseholds,theyhavemoretosayaboutfamilypurchasedecisionsthaneverbefore.

“They”arechildren,ofcourse,agroupwhosespendinghabitsareattractingtheattentionofmoreandmoremarketers.OnerecentstudyestimatesthatthethirtymillionU.S.children4to12yearsoldreceiveabout$4.7billionannuallyfromallowances,gifts,andoddjobs.Ofthatamount,theyspendatotalof$4.2billioneachyearonavarietyofgoods.Butchildren’sfinancialmuscledoesnotendthere.Researchersestimatethatchildrendirectlyinfluencemorethan$40billioninadultpurchaseseachyear.Anotherstudyfoundthatchildrenareextremelyawareofbrandsandhaveconsiderableinputintotheirparents’selectionsofapparels,cereals,snacks,cars,videocassetterecorders,televisions,andpersonalcomputers.Manychildrenareinvolvedinactualhouseholdpurchasing,especiallyfood;inarecentTeenageResearchstudy,halftheteengirlssurveyedreportedshoppingforgroceriesatleastonceaweek.Recognizingthisindirectpurchasingpowerthatchildrenhave,agrowingnumberofmarketersareapproachingtheyouthsdirectly.TheNationalDairyBoard,forexample,nowairsmilkcommercialswithyouthapparel,andProcter&Gamblehasdevelopedacrestforkids’toothpaste.

Howdidchildrenacquiresuchbuyingpower?Researcherspointtoseveralfactors.Asthenumberofworkingcouplesandsingle-parenthouseholdsincreased,manyparentsshiftedcertainhouseholdresponsibilitiesontochildren’sshoulders.Thrustintoadultroles,childrenhaveendedupwithmoreinfluenceoverthefamily’spurchases,andtheyalsotendtospendincreasedamountsofmoneythemselves.Inaddition,manyolder,professionalcoupleshavefewerchildren.Theseparentscanaffordtolavishmoreontheirchildren,includingextraspendingmoneyforsuchitemsasFisher-PriceToys’$255children’scamcorderandtheMyFirstSonylineofelectronicsgearforchildren.Thebandwagoneffectisyetanotherfactor:whenonemarketerbeginstofocusonchildren,competitorsfollowsuit,encouragingevenmorechildren’spurchases.McDonald’sCorp.,forexample,hasaimedadvertisementsforitshamburgers,mealkits,andpartiesatchildrenforyears;nowHardee’sFoodSystemsInc.andWendy’sInternationalInc.aredoingthesame.

Intelligentmarketersrealizethatchildrenactuallyrepresentthreemarkets:currentconsumers,influentialconsumers,andfuturebuyers.Becausechildrenaresteadilydevelopingbrandawarenessandproductpreferencesthatsomedaywilltranslateintopurchasingdecisions,evencompaniesnotsellingyouthproductspersearebeginningtopayattentiontochildren.Marketersareovercomingtheirtraditionalreluctancetoselldirectlytochildren,realizingthat,outtheresomewhere,tomorrow’sbig-ticketcustomerisplayingvideogamestoday.

1.Thestatementthatchildren“havebillionsofdollarsinincome—andspendmostofit”impliesthatchildren（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueregardingchildren’sbuyingbehaviors?

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmarketersbelievechildrenwhodevelop“brandawareness”whentheyareyoungwill（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingsumsupthemamideaofthispassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.havenosenseofvalueregardingmoney

B.shouldnotwastemuchoftheirmoney

C.havethepotentialtobuymorethaneverbefore

D.shouldnotbegivensomuchmoneybytheirparents

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarenotinfluencedbyadvertising.

B.Theyarecarefulaboutspendingonfastfood.

C.Theyarenotinfluencedbymilkcommercials.

D.Theyareverymuchinfluencedbytheirfriends.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.staypracticalwhenitcomestobuyingproducts

B.betiredofthebrandswhentheybecomeadults

C.getusedtobuyingthosebrandsintoadulthood

D.becomeinterestedinpurchasingotherproducts

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Childrenhavegreatpowerasbuyersandconsumers.

B.Childrenshouldermorehouseholdresponsibilities.

C.Childrenhavemoretosayaboutfamilydecisions.

D.Childrenareimportantmembersofsociety