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書(shū)山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.填空題
AsevereshortageofdriverscouldhurttheU.S.economy,whichreliesheavilyontrucking.Thoseintheindustrysayopeningsnumberinthethousands,ifonlytensofthousands.Theshortageisunlikelytoendsoon.Thegovernmentestimatesthenumberoftruckdriverswillraise19%from2002to2012,makingdrivingoneofthefastest-growingoccupationsduringthose10years.Truckingcompaniesaretryingtofilljobsbyofferingdriverscashbonusesandprizessuchasboatsandvacationstoreferfellowdriverswhoswitchtheirfirms.Basepayisrising,andtruckingcompaniesareguaranteeingdriversmuchtimeathome.Firmsareofferinggenerous401(k),stockoptionandhealthcarepackagesandotherperks.TruckstopsnowhavemessagetherapistsandWi-Ficomputertechnology.Still,thenumberofdriversiswoefullyinadequate.It’snotjustanissueofrecruiting.Retainingdrivershasbecomeconstantheadache:Theturnoverrateatlargetrucking-companieswas116%inthesecondquarter,accordingtotheAmericanTruckingAssociations.“Idefinethisasthemostseriousproblemtheindustryhas.”saysDuffSwain,presidentofTrinconGroup,transportationconsultingfirminColumbus,Ohio.Companieshehasbeenspeakingtorecentlysay10%oftheirtrucksareidlebecausetheycan’tfindenoughdrivers.Itgoeslongwaybeyondtrucking.Truckscarried
morethanthree-quartersofthegoodsthattravelintheUSAin2003.Iftherearen’tenoughdriverstohaulthenation’sproduction,theeconomyrunstheriskofstumbling.Plus,ifdriverscanbefoundonlybyraisingpayandbenefits,thosecostscouldbepassedalongandeventuallycouldshowupinhigherconsumerprices.
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
8.______
9.______
10.______
【答案】1.【答案】ifonly改成ifnot
2.【答案】willraise改成rise
3.【答案】switch∧theirfirms加上to
4.【答案】muchtime改成moretime
5.【答案】message改成massage
6.【答案】become∧constantheadache加上a
7.【答案】∧transportationconsultingfirm加上a
8.【答案】goeslongwaybeyond去掉long
9.【答案】travel改成traveled
10.【答案】production改為product
【解析】1.【解題思路】根據(jù)上一句的意思“司機(jī)嚴(yán)重短缺可能會(huì)損害嚴(yán)重依賴(lài)卡車(chē)運(yùn)輸?shù)拿绹?guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)”可知,這一句的句意應(yīng)該是“司機(jī)的空缺職位如果沒(méi)有成千上萬(wàn)個(gè),也有幾千個(gè)”,而ifonly表示“只要,要是……多好”,在這不符合句子意思。所以要將ifonly改為ifnot,表示“如果不是,如果沒(méi)有”。
2.【解題思路】raise為及物動(dòng)詞,表示“提高,升起,上升”,rise為不及物動(dòng)詞,表示“升起,數(shù)量增加”;及物動(dòng)詞后面要接賓語(yǔ),即動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,不及物動(dòng)詞后不需要加賓語(yǔ),本句話中willraise后接的并不是raise這個(gè)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,動(dòng)作的對(duì)象thenumberoftruckdrivers在本句話中當(dāng)主語(yǔ),且此處表示卡車(chē)司機(jī)的數(shù)量上升,使用raise不符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則,根據(jù)后半截from2002to2012可知不能用將來(lái)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)和主干部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞estimates保持一致,即一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以要將willraise改成rise。
3.【解題思路】動(dòng)詞詞組switchto表示“切換到,轉(zhuǎn)到,轉(zhuǎn)變成”。此處表示“向司機(jī)提供現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)金和獎(jiǎng)品的方式來(lái)使得司機(jī)推薦其他伙伴轉(zhuǎn)到他們公司”。因此,此處要添加介詞to。
4.【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“司機(jī)的基本工資在提高,公司也保障司機(jī)有更多的時(shí)間待在家里”可知,此處為比較級(jí),所以要用more。故將muchtime改為moretime。
5.【解題思路】由therapists(理療師)可知,該句句意是“卡車(chē)站點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在還有按摩醫(yī)師以及Wi-Fi服務(wù)”,而message表示“信息”,所以要將message改為massage。
6.【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“留住司機(jī)已經(jīng)變成一件頭疼的事”可知,headache表示“令人頭疼的事”,為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),因此前面要加不定冠詞a。
7.【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,transportationconsultingfirminColumbus(哥倫布的運(yùn)輸咨詢公司)做同位語(yǔ),解釋說(shuō)明TrinconGroup公司是一家位于哥倫布的交通運(yùn)輸咨詢公司,因此要加不定冠詞a。只有同位語(yǔ)表示特指的職位或角色時(shí)才選用零冠詞。
8.【解題思路】根據(jù)句子意思“這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了卡車(chē)運(yùn)輸?!笨芍琯olongwaybeyond表示“遠(yuǎn)超出”,而表示“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出”短語(yǔ)用gowaybeyond即可,不需要加形容詞long,故把long去掉。
9.【解題思路】根據(jù)句子后半截內(nèi)容in2003可知本處應(yīng)該是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),且主干部分的謂語(yǔ)carried也是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),保持一致,需要將travel改成過(guò)去式traveled。
10.【解題思路】production和product都表示“產(chǎn)品”。但production特指詩(shī)歌、雕刻、繪畫(huà)等文學(xué)藝術(shù)作品,而product表示體力勞動(dòng)或腦力勞動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的東西,一般多指工業(yè)品,也可指農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。此處卡車(chē)?yán)叩牟皇俏膶W(xué)藝術(shù)作品,因此要將production改為product。
2.單選題
()anincreaseinanti-SemiticrhetoricandreligiousdiscriminationinLatinAmerica,thePanAmericanDevelopmentFoundationandtheU.S.DepartmentofStatelauncheda“BelieveinTolerance”projectinspring2014.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Accordingto
B.Contraryto
C.Inresponseto
D.Inadditionto
【答案】C
【解析】詞組辨析。accordingto“根據(jù)”;contraryto“與……相反”;inresponseto“應(yīng)對(duì)”;inadditionto“除外”。句意:為了應(yīng)對(duì)拉丁美洲反猶太教和宗教歧視的情況,泛美發(fā)展基金會(huì)和美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院在2014年春季發(fā)起了一個(gè)“相信寬容”的項(xiàng)目。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
3.單選題
InthecowboymoviesproducedbyHollywood,the“badguys”(
)getpunishedattheend.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.inevitably
B.doubtless
C.deliberately
D.readily
【答案】A
【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。inevitably“不可避免地;必然地”;doubtless“無(wú)疑地;確定地”;deliberately“故意地”;readily“容易地;樂(lè)意地”。句意:在好萊塢出品的西部影片中,那些“壞人們”最后都無(wú)法避免被懲罰。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
4.單選題
Theyearwas1959.Location:ThecentralAfricancityofLeopoldville,nowcalledKinshasa,shortlybeforethewavesofviolentrebellionthatfollowedtheliberationoftheBelgianCongo.AseeminglyhealthymanwalkedintoahospitalclinictogivebloodforaWestern-backedstudyofblooddiseases.Hewalkedawayandwasneverheardfromagain.Doctorsanalyzedhissample,frozeitinalesttubeandforgotaboutit.Aquarter-centurylater,inthemid-1980s,researchersstudyingthegrowingAIDSepidemictookasecondlookatthebloodanddiscoveredthatitcontainedHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.
AndnotjustanyHIV.TheLeopoldvillesampleistheoldestspecimenoftheAIDSviruseverisolatedandmaynowhelpsolvethemysteryofhowandwhenthevirusmadetheleapfromanimals(monkeysorchimpanzees)tohumans,accordingtoareportpublishedlastweekinNature.Dr.DavidHo,directoroftheAaronDiamondAIDSResearchCenterinNewYorkCityandoneofthestudy’sauthors,saysacarefulgeneticanalysisofsample’sDNApushestheputativeoriginoftheAIDSepidemicbackatleastadecade,totheearly1950soreventhe1940s.
Overthepast15years,scientistshaveidentifiedatleast10subtypesoftheAIDSvirus.Buttheycouldn’ttellwhethertheywereseeingvariationsononechangeablevirusorthehandiworkofseveraldifferentvirusesthathadmadethejumpfromprimatestoman.AcloselookatthegeneticmutationsintheLeopoldvillesamplestronglysuggeststhatallitlooktolaunchtheAIDSepidemicwasoneunluckyturnofevents.
BycomparingtheDNAofthe1959viruswiththatofsamplestakenfromthe1980sand1990s,HoandhiscolleaguesconstructedaviralfamilytreeinwhichtheLeopoldvilleisolatesitsrightatthejuncturewherethreesubtypesbranchout.The39-year-oldspecimenisalsostrikinglysimilartotheothersevensubtypes.Theclearimplication:alltheviralstrainscanbetracedbacktoasingleeventoracloselyrelatedgroupofevents.OnetheoryisthatAIDSstartedthroughcontactwithinfectedmonkeysinaremoteareaandspreadtotherestofthepopulationthroughurbanizationandmassinoculations.
ThefindingsunderscorehowrapidlyHIVcanadapttoitssurroundings,makingitdevilishlydifficulttodevelopeffectivevaccines.NooneknowshowmanymoresubtypesofHIVwillsproutinthenext40years,butchancesarethattheywillbeeverybitaslethalastheonesweseetoday,ifnotmoreso.
1.Whatdoesthephrase“BelgianCongo”mean?
2.Accordingtothisarticle,HIVinhumanbodyoriginatedfrom______.
3.ArethetensubtypesoftheAIDSvirusvariationofone?
4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttopicforthispassage?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.BelgiumwasacolonyofCongo.
B.CongowasacolonyofBelgium.
C.BelgianCongowasanAfricanstate.
D.BelgiumandCongoweretwoseparatecountries.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.animals
B.plants
C.food
D.notmentionedinthearticle
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Yes.
B.No.
C.Scientistsarenotsureaboutitatpresent.
D.Itisnotmentionedinthearticle.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Alltheviralstrainscanbetracedbacktoasingleevent.
B.HIVcannoteasilyadapttoitssurroundings.
C.AIDSstartedthroughcontactwithinflectedmonkeysinaremotearea.
D.AIDSstartedthroughurbanizationandmassinoculations.
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.HowtoProtectYourselffromAIDS?
B.WhereDoesHIVComeFrom?
C.ClassificationofHIV.
D.WhenDidAIDSBegin?
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:C
第5題:B
【解析】1.語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“BelgianCongo”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Location:ThecentralAfricancityofLeopoldville,nowcalledKinshasa,shortlybeforethewavesofviolentrebellionthatfollowedtheliberationoftheBelgianCongo.(地點(diǎn):非洲中部城市利奧波德維爾,現(xiàn)稱(chēng)金沙薩,就在比屬剛果解放后暴力叛亂浪潮爆發(fā)前不久。),比屬剛果是比利時(shí)對(duì)剛果殖民統(tǒng)治時(shí)期對(duì)剛果的稱(chēng)呼,說(shuō)明“BelgianCongo”是指“比利時(shí)的殖民地剛果”。因此B選項(xiàng)“剛果是比利時(shí)的一個(gè)殖民地”正確。A選項(xiàng)“比利時(shí)是剛果的一個(gè)殖民地”,C選項(xiàng)“比屬剛果是一個(gè)非洲國(guó)家”,D選項(xiàng)“比利時(shí)和剛果是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家”均不符合題意,所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。
2.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第二句TheLeopoldvillesampleistheoldestspecimenoftheAIDSviruseverisolatedandmaynowhelpsolvethemysteryofhowandwhenthevirusmadetheleapfromanimalstohumans,accordingtoareportpublishedlastweekinNature.(根據(jù)上周發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上的一份報(bào)告,利奧波德維爾樣本是迄今為止分離出來(lái)的最古老的艾滋病病毒樣本,現(xiàn)在可能有助于解開(kāi)該病毒是如何以及何時(shí)從動(dòng)物傳染給人類(lèi)的謎團(tuán)。),說(shuō)明人體內(nèi)的HIV來(lái)源于動(dòng)物。因此A選項(xiàng)“動(dòng)物”正確。B選項(xiàng)“植物”,C選項(xiàng)“食物”,D選項(xiàng)“文章中沒(méi)有提到”均不符合原文,所以B,C,D錯(cuò)誤。
3.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句Overthepast15years,scientistshaveidentifiedatleast10subtypesoftheAIDSvirus.Buttheycouldn’ttellwhethertheywereseeingvariationsononechangeablevirusorthehandiworkofseveraldifferentvirusesthathadmadethejumpfromprimatestoman.(在過(guò)去的15年里,科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)確認(rèn)了至少10種艾滋病病毒的亞型。但是他們不能確定他們看到的是一種可變病毒的變異,還是幾種不同病毒從靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物傳染給人類(lèi)的結(jié)果。),說(shuō)明科學(xué)家還不能確定艾滋病病毒的十種亞型是一種的變異。因此C選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家們目前還不能確定”正確。A選項(xiàng)“是”,B選項(xiàng)“不是”,D選項(xiàng)“文章中沒(méi)有提到”均不符合原文,所以A,B,D錯(cuò)誤。
4.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。A選項(xiàng)“所有的病毒菌株都可以追溯到一個(gè)單一事件”,由原文Theclearimplication:alltheviralstrainscanbetracedbacktoasingleeventoracloselyrelatedgroupofevents.(顯而易見(jiàn)的是:所有的病毒毒株都可以追溯到一個(gè)單一事件或一組密切相關(guān)的事件。)可知,病毒毒株不只可以追溯到單一時(shí)間,還有密切相關(guān)的一組事件,所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“艾滋病病毒不容易適應(yīng)其周?chē)h(huán)境”,由原文ThefindingsunderscorehowrapidlyHIVcanadapttoitssurroundings(這些發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)了艾滋病毒適應(yīng)環(huán)境的速度有多快)可知,艾滋病病毒很容易適應(yīng)周?chē)h(huán)境,所以B錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“艾滋病是通過(guò)城市化和大規(guī)模接種開(kāi)始的”,由原文spreadtotherestofthepopulationthroughurbanizationandmassinoculations.(通過(guò)城市化和大規(guī)模接種傳播到其他人群。)可知,艾滋病是通過(guò)城市化和大規(guī)模接種傳播,而不是由其開(kāi)始,所以D錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“艾滋病是通過(guò)與偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的受感染的猴子接觸開(kāi)始的”,由原文AIDSstartedthroughcontactwithinfectedmonkeysinaremotearea(艾滋病起源于與偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)受感染的猴子的接觸)可知,艾滋病是通過(guò)與偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)受感染的猴子接觸開(kāi)始的,C選項(xiàng)符合原文,所以本題選C。
5.主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文可知,文章首先描述了利奧波德維爾的一位看似健康的男性到醫(yī)院抽血,25年后艾滋病研究者從中發(fā)現(xiàn)了艾滋病病毒。接著進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)并不只是發(fā)現(xiàn)了艾滋病病毒這么簡(jiǎn)單,之后介紹了該部分血液中發(fā)現(xiàn)的艾滋病毒并對(duì)其進(jìn)行研究的重要意義。因此B選項(xiàng)“艾滋病病毒從何而來(lái)”符合文章的主旨,最適合作為文章標(biāo)題。A選項(xiàng)“如何保護(hù)自己遠(yuǎn)離艾滋病”,C選項(xiàng)“艾滋病病毒的分類(lèi)”在文中沒(méi)有提及,所以A,C錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“艾滋病是什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始的”只是文章的某一部分,不能全面地概括文章主旨,所以D錯(cuò)誤。
5.單選題
Agood
teachermustknowhowto()hisstudentsto
workhardatthesubjectheteaches.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Mortify
B.Motivate
C.Multiply
D.muster
【答案】B
【解析】mortify指使...受辱;motivate指激發(fā)積極性;multiply指相乘;muster指召集。句意:一位好的老師必須知道如何激勵(lì)自己的學(xué)生,讓他們努力學(xué)習(xí)自己教授的課程。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。
6.單選題
Thosegiftsofrarebooksthatweregiventousweredeeply().
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.appreciated
B.approved
C.appealed
D.applied
【答案】A
【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。appreciate“感激”;approve“贊成,批準(zhǔn)”;appeal“吸引”;apply“使用”。句意:對(duì)于贈(zèng)送給我們這些珍貴的書(shū)籍作為禮物,我們感到深深的感激。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
7.單選題
Anotherbigissue()thenationistheproblemoftheeducationofitscitizens.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.confining
B.confirming
C.conforming
D.confronting
【答案】D
【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。confine限制,局限;confirm確認(rèn),批準(zhǔn);conform符合,遵守;confront面臨,遭遇。句意:這個(gè)國(guó)家面臨的另一大問(wèn)題是公民的教育問(wèn)題。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。
8.單選題
Piratedcompactdisksandfloppydisksremainedthesecondbiggestvehicleforthespreadofcomputervirusesdespitethegovernments’determinedeffortstoquashsoftwarepiracy.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.boost
B.prevent
C.crush
D.restrict
【答案】D
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:盡管政府決心……盜版軟件,但是盜版光碟和軟盤(pán)仍然是電腦病毒傳播的第二大媒介。boost“使增長(zhǎng),使興旺”;prevent“預(yù)防,阻止”;crush“壓碎,搗碎”;restrict“(以法規(guī))限制;約束”。根據(jù)后面的“softwarepiracy”可知是“政府打擊盜版軟件”,推測(cè)出劃線單詞quash的意思是“打擊,鎮(zhèn)壓”,因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
9.單選題
Allthelightsareon;theSmiths()up.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.mustgot
B.mustbegetting
C.mustget
D.gotupmust
【答案】B
【解析】本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。D語(yǔ)序不對(duì),而C時(shí)態(tài)不對(duì),A不符合語(yǔ)境,是必須起床的意思。而mustbegetting表示一種猜測(cè)。句意:燈都亮了,史密斯一家應(yīng)該起床了。因此,B選項(xiàng)符合句意。
10.單選題
I’mtooignorantaboutsuchmatters;Iamnotqualifiedtocomment,butitseemstomesomebodywhohasstudiedataprestigiousuniversityabroadcouldn’tbeasbadasyousay.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.profound
B.civilized
C.well-known
D.conventional
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)profound“深厚的;意義深遠(yuǎn)的;淵博的”;B選項(xiàng)civilized“文明的;有禮貌的”;C選項(xiàng)well-known“著名的;眾所周知的”;D選項(xiàng)conventional“傳統(tǒng)的;慣例的”。句意:我對(duì)這類(lèi)事情太無(wú)知了,所以我沒(méi)有資格評(píng)論,但在我看來(lái),一個(gè)在國(guó)外……大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)的人不可能像你說(shuō)的那么差。由后面的名詞university“大學(xué)”,可排除A,B選項(xiàng),因?yàn)樗鼈兂S脕?lái)形容人,而非事物。由后面的信息couldn’tbeasbadasyousay“不能如你說(shuō)的那樣糟糕”,由此可知在他眼里那個(gè)人至少應(yīng)該是優(yōu)秀的,大多情況下優(yōu)秀的人會(huì)考上聲望很高的大學(xué)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。
11.單選題
Wedoneedhelpfromothers,butwe’llnever________othersforsupport.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.indulgein
B.engagein
C.embarkon
D.leanon
【答案】D
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.indulgein沉湎于,沉溺于B.engagein從事,參加
C.embarkon著手,開(kāi)始D.leanon依靠,依賴(lài)
【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。
【解題思路】空格處和下文的“others(別人)”構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓邏輯,目的是為了“support(得到支持)”。由but可知,前后兩個(gè)分句之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系,前半句說(shuō)到“我們確實(shí)需要?jiǎng)e人的幫助(doneedhelp)”,說(shuō)明雖然需要?jiǎng)e人的幫助,但會(huì)自己努力,而不是依賴(lài)于別人予以支持。leanon指依靠某人或某物的幫助和支持,因此D選項(xiàng)leanon“依靠,依賴(lài)”最符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)indulgein“沉湎于,沉溺于”指放任自己做喜歡的事情,尤其是有害的事,不能和“support(支持)”進(jìn)行搭配;
B選項(xiàng)engagein“從事,參加”指參加到某個(gè)活動(dòng)中,不符合題干的語(yǔ)義邏輯;
C選項(xiàng)embarkon“著手,開(kāi)始”指開(kāi)始做新的或困難的事,不符合題干的語(yǔ)義邏輯。
【句意】我們確實(shí)需要?jiǎng)e人的幫助,但我們絕不依賴(lài)別人的支持。
12.單選題
InAmerica’sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem,agoodlawyerisessential.AskO.J.Simpson.Inalandmarkcase35yearsago,Gideonv.Wainwright,aunanimousSupremeCourtruledthatindigentdefendantsmustbeprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpensebecausetherecouldbenofairtrialinaseriouscriminalcasewithoutone.“Thisseemstoustobeanobvioustruth,”wroteJusticeHugoBlackinhisopinion.Atthetime,thedecisionwashailedasatriumphforjustice,anexampleofAmerica’scommitmenttotheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.
ThisistheimagemostAmericansstillhaveoftheircriminal-justicesystem—thefairestintheworld,inwhichanydefendant,nomatterhow,getsasmartlawyerwho,toooften,managestogettheculpritoffonatechnicality.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.About80%ofpeopleaccusedofafelonyhavetodependonapublicly-providedlawyer;butoverthepasttwodecadestheeagernessofpoliticianstolookharshoncrime,theirreluctancetopayforpublicdefenders,andaseriesofSupremeCourtjudgmentsrestrictingthegroundsforappealhavemadeamockeryofGideon.Todaymanyindigentdefendants,includingthosefacinglongtermsofimprisonmentorevendeath,aretreatedtoa“meet’emandplead’em”defense—abriefconsultationinwhichaharriedorincompetentlawyerencouragesthemtopleadguiltyor,ifthatfails,strugglethroughashorttrialinwhichthedefenseismassivelyoutgunnedbyamoreexperienced,better-paidandbetter-preparedprosecutor.
“Wehaveawealth-basedsystemofjustice,”saysStephenBright,thedirectoroftheSouthernCenterforHumanRight.“Forthewealthy,it’sgold-plated.Fortheaveragepoorperson,it’slikebeingherdedtotheslaughterhouse.Inmanyplacestheadversarialsystembarelyexistsforthepoor.”
Manylawyers,ofcourse,havemadeheroiceffortsforparticulardefendantsforlittleornopay,butthecharityoflawyerscanbereliedontohandleonlyatinyfractionofcases.Asspendingonpolice,prosecutorsandprisonshassteadilyclimbedinthepastdecade,increasingthenumberofpeoplechargedandimprisoned,spendingonindigentdefensehasnotkeptpace,overwhelminganalreadyhard-pressedsystem.
1.Theword“indigent”mostprobablymeans().
2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatO.J.Simpsonwasprobably().
3.Whatistheauthor’sviewofAmerica’sadversariallegalsystem?
4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.wealthy
B.criminal
C.poverty-stricken
D.innocent
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.apersonwhowasfoundnotguiltybecausehehiredaverygoodlawyer
B.apersonwhowonhiscasebecausehewasprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpense
C.Apersonwhowasdeniedalawyerandthuslosthiscaseinthecourt
D.abrilliantlawyerwhowonnumerouscasesfortheaveragepoorpeople
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Itistheembodimentoftheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.
B.Itisthefairestcriminal-justicesystemintheworld.
C.Asitis,itbenefitstherichbutworksagainstthepoor.
D.Itisunfairbynatureandshouldbeoverhauled.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Lawyerswhoprovidedefenseforthepooroftenworkheroicallyforlittleornopayatall.
B.Ascrimerateincreases,Americanpoliticianshavebecomemoretoleranttowardscrimethanbefore.
C.InAmerica,ifapersonrefusestoacceptthejudgmentofalowercourt,hecanalwaysappealtotheSupremeCourt.
D.Government-providedlawyerstendtogothroughtheformalitiesofdefenseandprovetobenomatchfortheprosecutors
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:D
【解析】第1題:1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
1.Theword“indigent”mostprobablymeans______.1.“indigent”這個(gè)詞最有可能的意思是______。
A.wealthyA.富有的
B.criminalB.犯罪的
C.poverty-strickenC.一貧如洗的
D.innocentD.天真的
【考查點(diǎn)】詞義推測(cè)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞indigent定位至第一段第三句“在35年前的一個(gè)具有里程碑意義的?GideonV.Wainwright案中,最高法院一致裁定,必須為indigent的被告提供一名由國(guó)家出資的律師(indigentdefendantsmustbeprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpense)……”,從atstateexpense(國(guó)家出資)可以推測(cè),indigent應(yīng)該是指“沒(méi)有錢(qián)的”被告,C項(xiàng)意思與之相近。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“富有的”根據(jù)解題思路可知,與原文相反,屬于反向干擾;
B項(xiàng)“犯罪的”和D項(xiàng)“天真的”沒(méi)有提到,屬于無(wú)中生有。
第2題:2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatO.J.Simpsonwasprobably______.2.從文章中可以推斷,O.J.Simpson可能是______。
A.apersonwhowasfoundnotguiltybecausehehiredaverygoodlawyerA.一個(gè)因?yàn)楣土艘粋€(gè)很好的律師而被判無(wú)罪的人
B.apersonwhowonhiscasebecausehewasprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpenseB.一個(gè)因?yàn)閲?guó)家出錢(qián)請(qǐng)了律師而勝訴的人
C.apersonwhowasdeniedalawyerandthuslosthiscaseinthecourtC.拒絕請(qǐng)律師而在法庭上敗訴的人
D.abrilliantlawyerwhowonnumerouscasesfortheaveragepoorpeopleD.他是一位杰出的律師,為普通窮人打贏了許多官司
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第一段前兩句“在美國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的法律體系中,優(yōu)秀的律師是必不可少的。問(wèn)問(wèn)O.J.Simpson吧。”,從中可知,在美國(guó)法律體系中,想要打贏官司,一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的律師是必不可少的,后面的一句“問(wèn)問(wèn)O.J.Simpson吧”我們可以推測(cè),O.J.Simpson應(yīng)該是一個(gè)請(qǐng)了一位優(yōu)秀的律師的人,他對(duì)于雇一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的律師深有體會(huì),A項(xiàng)“一個(gè)因?yàn)楣土艘粋€(gè)很好的律師而被判無(wú)罪的人”符合題意。因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B項(xiàng)“一個(gè)因?yàn)閲?guó)家出錢(qián)請(qǐng)了律師而勝訴的人”和D項(xiàng)“他是一位杰出的律師,為普通窮人打贏了許多官司”,根據(jù)解題思路可知,這兩項(xiàng)和原文第一句沒(méi)有關(guān)系,屬于張冠李戴;
C項(xiàng)“拒絕請(qǐng)律師而在法庭上敗訴的人”,從第一段第一句中的“優(yōu)秀律師”可以推測(cè),O.J.Simpson不太可能敗訴,該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。
第3題:3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
3.Whatistheauthor’sviewofAmerica’sadversariallegalsystem?3.作者如何看待美國(guó)的對(duì)抗性法律制度?
A.Itistheembodimentoftheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.A.它是法律面前人人平等理想的體現(xiàn)。
B.Itisthefairestcriminal-justicesystemintheworld.B.它是世界上最公平的刑事司法系統(tǒng)。
C.Asitis,itbenefitstherichbutworksagainstthepoor.C.事實(shí)上,它對(duì)富人有利,但對(duì)窮人不利。
D.Itisunfairbynatureandshouldbeoverhauled.D.這種做法本質(zhì)上是不公平的,應(yīng)該進(jìn)行徹底改革。
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞adversariallegalsystem定位至文章第三段的內(nèi)容“我們有一個(gè)以財(cái)富為基礎(chǔ)的司法體系,對(duì)富人來(lái)說(shuō),它是鍍金的。對(duì)一般窮人來(lái)說(shuō),這就像被趕進(jìn)屠宰場(chǎng)。在許多地方,窮人幾乎不存在對(duì)抗體制?!保瑥脑摱蝺?nèi)容我們可以知道,對(duì)抗體制對(duì)于富人來(lái)說(shuō)是有用的,但是對(duì)于窮人來(lái)說(shuō)幾乎不存在,因此C項(xiàng)“事實(shí)上,它對(duì)富人有利,但對(duì)窮人不利”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“它是法律面前人人平等理想的體現(xiàn)”可以定位到原文第一段最后一句“當(dāng)時(shí)(Atthetime),這一決定被譽(yù)為正義的勝利,體現(xiàn)了美國(guó)致力于法律面前人人平等的理想(thedecisionwashailedasatriumphforjustice)?!保?dāng)時(shí)人們覺(jué)得美國(guó)的對(duì)抗性法律制度體現(xiàn)了美國(guó)致力于法律面前人人平等的理想,但結(jié)合解題思路可知,事實(shí)并非如此,對(duì)抗性法律制度對(duì)于富人是好的,對(duì)于窮人來(lái)說(shuō)就像沒(méi)有,根本體現(xiàn)不了公平,屬于反向干擾;
B項(xiàng)“它是世界上最公平的刑事司法系統(tǒng)”根據(jù)解題思路可知,這個(gè)制度根本不平等,該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾;
D項(xiàng)“這種做法本質(zhì)上是不公平的,應(yīng)該進(jìn)行徹底改革”,原文中未提到對(duì)抗性法律制度要徹底改革,屬于無(wú)中生有。
第4題:4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?4.下列哪個(gè)陳述是正確的?
A.Lawyerswhoprovidedefenseforthepooroftenworkheroicallyforlittleornopayatall.A.為窮人提供辯護(hù)的律師經(jīng)常努力地工作,但報(bào)酬很少或根本沒(méi)有。
B.Ascrimerateincreases,Americanpoliticianshavebecomemoretoleranttowardscrimethanbefore.B.隨著犯罪率的上升,美國(guó)的政客們對(duì)犯罪的容忍度比以前更高了。
C.InAmerica,ifapersonrefusestoacceptthejudgmentofalowercourt,hecanalwaysappealtotheSupremeCourt.C.在美國(guó),如果一個(gè)人拒絕接受下級(jí)法院的判決,他總是可以向最高法院上訴。
D.Government-providedlawyerstendtogothroughtheformalitiesofdefenseandprovetobenomatchfortheprosecutors.D.政府提供的律師往往會(huì)完成辯護(hù)的流程,并且無(wú)法與檢察官對(duì)抗。
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“今天,許多貧窮的被告,包括那些面臨長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)禁甚至死刑的人,都要接受‘與他們見(jiàn)面并為他們辯護(hù)’的流程,在簡(jiǎn)短的咨詢中,一個(gè)忙碌或不稱(chēng)職的律師鼓勵(lì)他們認(rèn)罪,如果失敗,律師就在短時(shí)間的審判中掙扎,然后被一個(gè)更有經(jīng)驗(yàn)、薪水更高、準(zhǔn)備更充分的檢察官勝訴。”,從中可知,政府提供的律師往往都是走一個(gè)流程,他們會(huì)鼓勵(lì)被告認(rèn)罪,如果被告不認(rèn)罪,他們也無(wú)法在申訴中贏過(guò)準(zhǔn)備更充分的檢察官,D項(xiàng)“政府提供的律師往往會(huì)完成辯護(hù)的流程,并且無(wú)法與檢察官對(duì)抗”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“為窮人提供辯護(hù)的律師經(jīng)常努力地工作,但報(bào)酬很少或根本沒(méi)有”,根據(jù)最后一段第一句“當(dāng)然,許多律師為一些特定的被告(particulardefendants)付出了巨大的努力,但報(bào)酬很少或沒(méi)有報(bào)酬”可知,A項(xiàng)中的thepoor(窮人)與原文中的particulardefendants(特定的被告)不符,屬于曲解原文;
B項(xiàng)“隨著犯罪率的上升,美國(guó)的政客們對(duì)犯罪的容忍度比以前更高了”,根據(jù)第二段中的第二句“……在過(guò)去的二十年里,政客們急于嚴(yán)厲打擊犯罪(butoverthepasttwodecadestheeagernessofpoliticianstolookharshoncrime)……”,可知,該項(xiàng)與原文相反,屬于反向干擾;
C項(xiàng)“在美國(guó),如果一個(gè)人拒絕接受下級(jí)法院的判決,他總是可以向最高法院上訴”中的lowercourt(下級(jí)法院)沒(méi)有提及,屬于無(wú)中生有。
13.單選題
Ingeneral,theamountthatastudentspendsforhousingshouldbeheldtoone-fifthofthetotal()forlivingexpenses.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.acceptable
B.applicable
C.advisable
D.available
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)acceptable“可接受的”;B選項(xiàng)applicable“可適用的,合適的”;C選項(xiàng)advisable“明智的”;D選項(xiàng)available“可獲得的”。句意:一般來(lái)說(shuō),學(xué)生可用于住房的錢(qián)應(yīng)該占全部生活費(fèi)的五分之一。availablefor意為“可用于……的”,所以選項(xiàng)D正確。
14.單選題
Whenimaginativementurntheireyestowardsspaceandwonderwhetherlifeexistsinanypartofit,theymaycheerthemselvesbyrememberingthatlifeneednotresemblecloselythelifethatexistsonEarth.Marslooksliketileonlyplanetwherelifelikeourscouldexist,andeventhisisdoubtful.ButtheremaybemilerkindsoflifebasedonotherkindsofchemistryandtheymaymultiplyonVenususorJupiter.Atleastwecannotproveatpresentthattheydonot.
Evenmoreinterestingisthepossibilitythatlifeontheirplanetsmaybeinamoreadvancedstageofevolution.Present-daymanisinapeculiarandprobablytemporarystage.Hisindividualunitsretainastrongsenseofpersonality.Theyare,infact,stillcapableunderfavorablecircumstancesofleadingindividuallives.Butman'ssocietiesarealreadysufficientlydevelopedtohaveenormouslymorepowerandeffectivenessthantheindividualshave.
Itisnotlikelythatthistransitionalsituationwillcontinueverytongortheevolutionarytimescale.Fiftythousand,yearsfromnowman'ssocietiesmayhavebecomesoclose-knitthattheindividualsretainnosenseofseparatepersonality.Thenlittledistinctionwillremainbetweentheorganicpartsofthemultipleorganismandtheinorganicparts(machines)thathavebeenconstructedbyit.Amillionyearsfurtheronmanandhismachinesmayhavemergedascloselyasthemusclesofthehumanbodyandthenervecellsthatsettheminmotion.
Theexplorers-ofspaceshouldbepreparedforsomesuchsituation.Iftheyarriveonaforeignplanetthathasreachedanadvancedstage(andthisisbynomeansimpossible),theymayfinditbeinginhabitedbyasinglelargeorganismcomposedofmanycloselycooperatingunits.
Theunitsmaybe"'secondary,'"machinescreatedmillionsofyearsagobyapreviousformoflifeandgiventhewillandability'tosurviveandreproduce.Theymaybebuiltentirelyofmetalsandotherdurablematerials,ifthisisthecase,theymaybemuchmoretolerantoftheirenvironmentmultiplyingunderconditionsthatwoulddestroyimmediatelyanyorganismmadeofcarboncompoundanddependentonthefamiliarcarboncycle.
Suchcreaturesmightberelicsofapastage,manymillionsofyearsago,whentheirplanetwasfavorabletotheoriginoflifeortheymightbeimmigrantsfromafavoredplanet.
1.Whatdoestheword"cheer"(Para.1,Line2)imply?
2.HumansonEartharecharacterizedby()
.
3.Accordingtothispassage,somepeoplebelievethateventually()
.
4.Evenmostimaginativepeoplehavetoadmitthat().
5.Itseemsthatthewriter()
.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Imaginativemenaresureofsuccessinfindinglifeonotherplanets.
B.Imaginativemenaredelightedtofindlifeonotherplanets.
C.Imaginativemenarehappytofindadifferentkindoflifeexistingonotherplanets.
D.Imaginativemencanbepleasedwiththeideathattheremightexistdifferentformsoflifeonotherplanets.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.theirexistenceasfreeandseparatebeings
B.theircapabilityoflivingunderfavorableconditions
C.theirgreatpowerandeffectiveness
D.theirstrongdesireforlivinginaclose-knitsociety
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.humansocietieswillbemuchmorecooperative
B.manwillliveinahighlyorganizedworld
C.machineswilltakecontroloverman
D.livingbeingswilldisappearfromEarth
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.humansocietiesareasadvancedasthoseonsomeotherplanets
B.planetsotherthanEartharenotsuitableforlifelikeourstostay
C.itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenorganicpartsandinorganicpartsofthehumanbody
D.organismsaremorecreativethanmachines
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.isinterestedintheimaginarylifeforms
B.iseagertofindadifferentformoflife
C.iscertainoftheexistenceofanewlifeform
D.iscriticaloftheimaginativepeople
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:A
第3題:D
第4題:C
第5題:A
【解析】第1題:根據(jù)第一段的第一句“...whetherlifeexistsinanypartofit,theymaycheer...lifeneednotresemblecloselythelifethatexistsonEarth.”當(dāng)富有想象力的人們將目光投向太空,想知道生命是否存在于其它地方時(shí),他們可能會(huì)因?yàn)橄氲缴灰欢ㄒc地球上存在的生命相同而感到歡欣鼓舞。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。
第2題:根據(jù)第二段的第二、三句“Hisindividualunitsretainastrongsenseofpersonality.Theyare,infact,stillcapableunderfavorablecircumstancesofleadingindividuallives."個(gè)體保持著強(qiáng)烈的個(gè)性。事實(shí)上,在有利的環(huán)境下,他們?nèi)匀挥心芰^(guò)個(gè)人生活。說(shuō)明地球上的人們是自由存在的個(gè)體,選項(xiàng)A符合原文。
第3題:根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“Amillionyearsfurtheronmanandhismachinesmayhavemergedascloselyasthemusclesofthehumanbodyandthenervecellsthatsettheminmotion.”100萬(wàn)年后,人類(lèi)和他的機(jī)器可能“融合得像人體肌肉和驅(qū)動(dòng)肌肉運(yùn)動(dòng)的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞一樣緊密”。所以選項(xiàng)C符合原文。
第4題:根據(jù)第三段“Thenlittledistinctionwillremainbetweentheorganicpartsofthemultipleorganismandtheinorganicparts(machines)thathavebeenconstructedbyit.”那么多有機(jī)體的有機(jī)部分和由它構(gòu)成的無(wú)機(jī)物(機(jī)器)之間就沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別了。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。
第5題:選項(xiàng)A對(duì)想象中的生命形式感興趣;選項(xiàng)B渴望尋找不同的生命形式;選項(xiàng)C認(rèn)為一定存在某種新的生命形式;選項(xiàng)D批判富有想象力的人。根據(jù)全文可以推斷,選項(xiàng)A更符合原文。
15.單選題
ThankstosomehelpfromprofessorsattheuniversityinCanberra,theAustralianauthoritiesarelettingmetobringmybiologicalsamplesintothecountrywithouttheusualthree-week
quarantine.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Thankstosomehelpfrom
B.attheuniversityinCanberra
C.arelettingmetobring
D.three-week
E.沒(méi)有問(wèn)題
【答案】C
【解析】固定搭配。C項(xiàng)中去掉to。Letsb.dosth.為固定搭配。
16.翻譯題
What’syourearliestmemory?Doyourememberlearningtowalk?Thebirthofasibling?Nurseryschool?Adultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergarten,justaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiences(asdistinctfromgeneralknowledge).Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurological,arguingthatthehippocampus,thebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemories,doesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildren,theycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestuckwithgrown-up“schema”,thebarebonesofnarratives.Whentheyi.ilTlethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffratimentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeleton,accordingtothistheory,theydon’tfindanythatIt'sliketryingtofindaFrenchwordinanEnglishindex.(1)
NowpsychologistKatharineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.ShearguesthatChildrendon’tevenformlasting,long-termmemoriesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-term,fleetingrecollectionsofthemintopermanentinemories.(2)Inotherwords,childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthemhe
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