書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川三河職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Amanhastomake______forhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytoliveonwhenold.

問題1選項

A.supply

B.assurance

C.provision

D.adjustment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項supply“提供”；B項assurance“保證、保險”；C項provision“供應(yīng)、準(zhǔn)備”；D項adjustment“調(diào)整”；句意：一個人必須存下足夠的錢來養(yǎng)老。因此該題C項正確。

2.單選題

Although,somestudentsgraduatefromhighschool,theyarevirtuallyilliterate_____writingabusinessletter.

問題1選項

A.intheeventof

B.inthelightof

C.incaseof

D.intermsof

【答案】D

【解析】短語搭配題。A選項intheeventof萬一……發(fā)生；B選項inthelightof根據(jù)，按照；C選項incaseof萬一，如果發(fā)生，假設(shè)；D選項intermsof關(guān)于，在……方面，就……而言。根據(jù)句意可知，盡管一些學(xué)生已經(jīng)高中畢業(yè)，但他們在商務(wù)信函的寫作方面幾乎是一竅不通。因此，本題正確答案為D項。

3.單選題

Somepeoplecomplaindoctorsfor

toomanymedicinesforminorillnesses.

問題1選項

A.advising

B.delivering

C.ordering

D.prescribing

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。Advise“建議”；deliver“交付；遞送”；order“命令”；prescribe“開藥方”。句意：一些人抱怨醫(yī)生總是給小病開很多藥。選項D符合題意。

4.單選題

Medievalistsusuallydistinguishmedievalpubliclawfromprivatelaw:theformerwasconcernedwithgovernmentandmilitaryaffairsandthelatterwiththefamily,socialstatus,andlandtransactions.Examinationonmedievalwomen’slivesshowsthisdistinctiontobeoverlysimplistic.Althoughmedievalwomenwerelegallyexcludedfromrolesthatcategorizedaspublic,suchassoldier,justice,jurymember,orprofessionaladministrativeofficial,women’scontrolofland—usuallyconsideredaprivateordomesticphenomenon—hadimportantpoliticalimplicationsinthefeudalsystemofthirteenth-centuryEngland.Sincelandequaledwealthandwealthequaledpower,certainwomenexercisedinfluencebycontrollingland.Unlikeunmarriedwomenwhowerelegallysubjecttotheirguardiansormarriedwomenwhohadnolegalidentityseparatefromtheirhusbands,womenwhowerewidowshadautonomywithrespecttoacquiringordisposingofcertainproperty,suingincourt,incurringliabilityfortheirowndebts,andmakingwills.

Althoughfeudallandswerenormallytransferredthroughprimogeniture(theeldestsoninheritingall),whennosonssurvived,thesurvivingdaughtersinheritedequalsharesunderwhatwasknownaspartibleinheritance.Inadditiontocontrollinganysuchlandinheritedfromherparentsandanybridaldowry—propertyawomanbroughttothemarriagefromherownfamily—awidowwasentitledtouseofone-thirdofherlatehusband’slands.Called“dower”inEngland,thisgranthadgreaterlegalimportanceundercommonlawthandidthebridaldowry;nomarriagewaslegalunlessthegroomendowedthebridewiththispropertyattheweddingceremony.In1215MagnaCarta(ThecharterofEnglishpoliticalandcivillibertiesgrantedbyKingJohnatRunnymedeinJune1215)guaranteedawidow’srighttoclaimherdowerwithoutpayingafine;thisdocumentalsostrengthenedwidow’sabilitytocontrollandbyprohibitingforcedremarriage.After1272womencouldalsobenefitfromjointure:thegroomcouldagreetoholdpartorallofhislandsjointlywiththebride,sothatifonespousedied,theotherreceivedtheselands.

Sincemanywidowshadinheritancesaswellasdowers,widowswerefrequentlythefinancialheadsofthefamily;eventhoughlegaltheoryassumedthemaintenanceoftheprincipleofprimogeniture,theamountoflandthewidowcontrolledcouldexceedthatofhersonorofothermaleheirs.Anyonewhoheldfeudallandexercisedauthorityoverthepeopleattachedtotheland—knights,rentaltenants,andpeasants—andhadtohireestateadministrators,overseeaccounts,receiverents,protecttenantsfromoutsideencroachment,punishtenantsfornotpayingrents,appointprieststolocalparishes,andactasguardiansoftenants,childrenandexecutorsoftheirwills.Manymarriedwomenfulfilledthesedutiesasdeputiesforhusbandsawayatcourtoratwar,butwidowscouldactontheirownbehalf.Widow’slegalindependenceissuggestedbytheirfrequentappearanceinthirteenth-centuryEnglishlegalrecords.Moreover,thescopeoftheirsway(a:acontrollinginfluenceb:sovereignpower:DOMINIONc:theabilitytoexerciseinfluenceorauthority:DOMINANCE;synonymsseePOWER.)isindicatedbythefactthatsomecontrollednotmerelysingleestates,butmultiplecounties.

26.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

27.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesthemeaningoftheworld“sway”asitisusedinLine33ofthepassage?

28.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesthefunctionofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

29.Accordingtoinformationinthepassage,awidowinearlythirteenth-centuryEnglandcouldcontrolmorelandthandidhereldestsonif（）.

30.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

問題1選項

A.Thetraditionalviewofmedievalwomenaslegallyexcludedfrommanypublicofficesfailstoconsiderthirteenth-centurywomeninEnglandwhowereexemptedfromsuchrestrictions.

B.Theeconomicindependenceofwomeninthirteenth-centuryEnglandwasprimarilydeterminednotbytheirmaritalstatus,butbytheirstatusasheirstotheirparents’estates.

C.Thelawsandcustomsofthefeudalsysteminthirteenth-centuryEnglandenabledsomewomentoexerciseacertainamountofpowerdespitetheirlegalexclusionfrommostpublicroles.

D.DuringthethirteenthcenturyinEngland,widowsgainedgreaterautonomyandlegalrightstotheirpropertythantheyhadhadinpreviouscenturies.

問題2選項

A.Vacillation.

B.Dominion.

C.Predisposition.

D.Inclination.

問題3選項

A.Providingexamplesofspecifichistoricaleventsassupportfortheconclusiondrawninthethirdparagraph.

B.Narratingasequenceofeventswhoseoutcomesdiscussedinthethirdparagraph.

C.Explaininghowcircumstancesdescribedinthefirstparagraphcouldhaveoccurred.

D.Describingtheeffectsofaneventmentionedinthefirstparagraph.

問題4選項

A.thewidowhadbeengrantedthecustomaryamountofdowerlandandtheeldestsoninheritedtherestoftheland

B.thewidowhadthreedaughtersinadditiontohereldestson

C.theprincipleofprimogeniturehadbeenappliedintransferringthelandsownedbythewidow’slatehusband

D.thecombinedamountoflandthewidowhadacquiredfromherownfamilyandfromdowerwasgreaterthantheamountinheritedbyherson

問題5選項

A.explainalegalcontroversyofthepastinlightofmodemtheory

B.evaluatetheeconomicandlegalstatusofaparticularhistoricalgroup

C.resolveascholarlydebateaboutlegalhistory

D.tracethehistoricaloriginsofamodemeconomicsituation

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】26.主旨目的題。全文多次出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞，Medievalists,law,women,瀏覽全文，主題句可定位到第一段第三句?！癆lthoughmedievalwomenwerelegallyexcludedfromrolesthatcategorizedaspublic,suchassoldier,justice,jurymember,orprofessionaladministrativeofficial,women’scontrolofland—usuallyconsideredaprivateordomesticphenomenon—hadimportantpoliticalimplicationsinthefeudalsystemofthirteenth-centuryEngland.（雖然中世紀(jì)婦女在法律上被排除在公共角色之外，如士兵、法官、陪審團成員或職業(yè)行政官員，但婦女對土地的控制——通常被認(rèn)為是一種私人或家庭現(xiàn)象——在13世紀(jì)的英國封建制度中具有重要的政治含義。）”由此得出本題答案。

27.

語義題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞sway定位到原文最后一段最后一句?！癕oreover,thescopeoftheirsway(a:acontrollinginfluenceb:sovereignpower:DOMINIONc:theabilitytoexerciseinfluenceorauthority:DOMINANCE;synonymsseePOWER.)isindicatedbythefactthatsomecontrollednotmerelysingleestates,butmultiplecounties.”后面括號中的內(nèi)容是對其的解釋說明，括號中提到influence,power,authority，那么sway的意思則應(yīng)與這些詞相近。選項中dominion意為“主權(quán)，統(tǒng)治權(quán)”符合要求，從而得出本題答案。

28.

細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干定位第二段。原文第一段最后一句“Unlikeunmarriedwomenwhowerelegallysubjecttotheirguardiansormarriedwomenwhohadnolegalidentityseparatefromtheirhusbands,womenwhowerewidowshadautonomywithrespecttoacquiringordisposingofcertainproperty,suingincourt,incurringliabilityfortheirowndebts,andmakingwills.”提到了widows（寡婦）如何分得財產(chǎn)，包括suingincourt,incurringliabilityfortheirowndebts和makingwills三種情境，第二段就是圍繞著這幾種情境來具體描述解釋相關(guān)的法律規(guī)定。從而得出本題答案。

29.

細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞widow,controlmoreland,hereldestson可定位到原文第二段。根據(jù)“thesurvivingdaughtersinheritedequalsharesunderwhatwasknownaspartibleinheritance.”“propertyawomanbroughttothemarriagefromherownfamily”“awidowwasentitledtouseofone-thirdofherlatehusband’slands.”即可得出本題答案。

30.主旨目的題。本文討論的話題背景時期為thirteenth-centuryEngland，與選項B中的aparticularhistoricalgroup對應(yīng)；原文第一段第四句提到那段特定歷史時期是landequaledwealthandwealthequaledpower與選項B中的theeconomicandlegalstatus對應(yīng)。從而得出本題答案。

5.單選題

Humanmemoryisnotoriouslyunreliable.Evenpeoplewiththesharpestfacial-recognitionskillscanonlyremembersomuch.

It’stoughtoquantifyhowgoodapersonisatremembering.Noonereallyknowshowmanydifferentfacessomeonecanrecall,forexample,butvariousestimatestendtohoverinthethousands—basedonthenumberofacquaintancesapersonmighthave.

Machinesaren’tlimitedthisway.Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision.Thisskilliswhatsupportstheenormouspromiseoffacial-recognitionsoftwareinthe21stcentury.It’salsowhatmakescontemporarysurveillancesystemssoscary.

Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition.Andscientistsareonlyjustbeginningtounderstandwhatthoseconstraintsare.Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace—andtestedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithms(算法)astheyscaledupincomplexity.Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch.

Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacrosstheboard.Algorithmsthatwereright95%ofthetimewhentheyweredealingwitha13,000-imagedatabase,forexample,wereaccurateabout70%ofthetimewhenconfrontedwith1millionimages.That’sstillprettygood,saysoneoftheresearchers,IraKemelmacher-Shlizerman.“Muchbetterthanweexpected,”shesaid.

Machinesalsohaddifficultyadjustingforpeoplewholookalotalike—eitherdoppelgangers(長相極相似的人),whomthemachinewouldhavetroubleidentifyingastwoseparatepeople,orthesamepersonwhoappearedindifferentphotosatdifferentagesorindifferentlighting,whomthemachinewouldincorrectlyviewasseparatepeople.

“Oncewescaleup,algorithmsmustbesensitivetotinychangesinidentitiesandatthesametimeinvarianttolighting,pose,age,”Kemelmacher-Shlizermansaid.

Thetroubleis,formanyoftheresearcherswho’dliketodesignsystemstoaddressthesechallenges,massivedatasetsforexperimentationjustdon’texist—atleast,notinformatsthatareaccessibletoacademicresearchers.TrainingsetsliketheonesGoogleandFacebookhaveareprivate.Therearenopublicdatabasesthatcontainmillionsoffaces.MegaFace’screatorssayit’sthelargestpubliclyavailablefacial-recognitiondatasetoutthere.

“Anultimatefacerecognitionalgorithmshouldperformwithbillionsofpeopleinadataset,”theresearcherswrote.

11.Comparedwithhumanmemory,machinescan_____.

12.WhydidresearcherscreateMegaFace?

13.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutmachineaccuracy?

14.Whatissaidtobeashortcoming-offacial-recognitionmachines?

15.Whatisthedifficultyconfrontingresearchersoffacial-recognitionmachines?

問題1選項

A.identifyhumanfacesmoreefficiently

B.tellafriendfromamereacquaintance

C.storeanunlimitednumberofhumanfaces

D.perceiveimagesinvisibletothehumaneye

問題2選項

A.Toenlargethevolumeofthefacial-recognitiondatabase.

B.Toincreasethevarietyoffacial-recognitionsoftware.

C.Tounderstandcomputers’problemswithfacialrecognition.

D.Toreducethecomplexityoffacial-recognitionalgorithms.

問題3選項

A.Itfallsshortofresearchers’expectations.

B.Itimproveswithaddedcomputingpower.

C.Itvariesgreatlywithdifferentalgorithms.

D.Itdecreasesasthedatabasesizeincreases.

問題4選項

A.Theycannoteasilytellapartpeoplewithnear-identicalappearances.

B.Theyhavedifficultyidentifyingchangesinfacialexpressions.

C.Theyarenotsensitivetominutechangesinpeople’smood.

D.Theyhaveproblemsdistinguishingpeopleofthesameage.

問題5選項

A.Nocomputerisyetabletohandlehugedatasetsofhumanfaces.

B.Theredonotexistpublicdatabaseswithsufficientfacesamples.

C.Therearenoappropriatealgorithmstoprocessthefacesamples.

D.Theyhavetroubleconvertingfacedatasetsintotherightformat.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】11.事實細節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第三段第二句話Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision“給計算機一個龐大的人臉數(shù)據(jù)庫，它就可以處理它看到的東西，然后以驚人的速度和精度識別出它被要求尋找的人臉”，從這里可知答案選A選項“更有效地識別人臉”。

B選項“把朋友和僅僅相識的人區(qū)別開來”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項“存儲無限數(shù)量的人臉”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

D選項“感知人眼看不見的圖像”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

12.事實細節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章第四段第一、三句話Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition…Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace“問題是，機器在人臉識別方面仍然有局限性……為了弄清楚電腦是如何掙扎的，華盛頓大學(xué)的研究人員創(chuàng)建了一個巨大的人臉數(shù)據(jù)庫——他們稱之為MegaFace”，由此可知答案選C選項“為了解計算機在面部識別方面的問題”。

A選項“以擴大人臉識別數(shù)據(jù)庫的容量”，定位到第四段最后一句Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch“他們的想法是在一個數(shù)據(jù)庫上測試機器，該數(shù)據(jù)庫包括近70萬人的100萬張不同的圖像，而不僅僅是一個擁有相對較少不同面孔的大型數(shù)據(jù)庫，這與其他研究中使用的更一致”，這里沒有說建立數(shù)據(jù)庫的目的是為了擴大數(shù)據(jù)庫，這里屬于出處錯誤；

B選項“以增加面部識別軟件的多樣性”，文章沒有提及；

D選項“以降低人臉識別算法的復(fù)雜性”，定位到第四段第三句…testedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithmsastheyscaledupincomplexity“……測試了多種面部識別算法，隨著其復(fù)雜性的增大”，由此可知這是探究機器在人臉識別時會遇到什么問題的步驟不是創(chuàng)造MegaFace的原因，這里屬于曲解原文，所以不選。

13.事實細節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章第五段第一句話Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacrosstheboard“隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫的增長，機器的準(zhǔn)確性全面下降”，由此可知答案選D選項“它隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫大小的增加而減少?！?/p>

A選項“它沒有達到研究人員的預(yù)期”，定位到第五段最后一句話“Muchbetterthanweexpected,”shesaid（“比我們預(yù)期的要好得多，”她說。），由此可知A選項錯誤，屬于反向干擾；

B選項文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

C選項文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選。

14.推理判斷題。第一步，尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到第六段第一句話Machinesalsohaddifficultyadjustingforpeoplewholookalotalike…“機器也很難適應(yīng)長得很像的人……”，這里運用擬人的手法把機器比做人，暗指其實機器區(qū)別不了長得很像的人，所以答案選A選項“他們很難區(qū)分長相幾乎相同的人”。

B選項“他們很難識別面部表情的變化”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

C選項“他們對人們情緒的細微變化不敏感”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

D選項“他們在區(qū)分同齡人方面有困難”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選。

15.事實細節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到倒數(shù)第二段第一句Thetroubleis…massivedatasetsforexperimentationjustdon’texist—atleast,notinformatsthatareaccessibletoacademicresearchers“問題是……用于實驗的大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)根本不存在——至少，不存在學(xué)術(shù)研究人員可以訪問的格式”，由此可知答案選B選項“沒有擁有足夠的人臉樣本的公共數(shù)據(jù)庫”。

A選項“目前還沒有能夠處理巨大的人臉數(shù)據(jù)的電腦”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

C選項“沒有合適處理人臉樣本的算法”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

D選項“他們在將人臉數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成正確格式時遇到了困難”，見正確選項解析，這里說的是研究人員不能夠訪問的格式并不是說在格式轉(zhuǎn)換方面存在問題，所以D選項不選，屬于曲意理解。

6.單選題

Whydoesavegetarianrestaurantmakeitsdishesresemblemeatineverywayexcept（）?

問題1選項

A.ingredients

B.elements

C.components

D.compounds

【答案】A

【解析】近義詞辨析。ingredients材料，成分；elements基礎(chǔ)，原理，元素；components（機器的）組件,部件；compounds（化學(xué)類的）合成物。句意：為什么素食餐廳的菜肴除了配料外其他各方面都像肉？選項A符合句意。

7.單選題

The（）oftheapartmenttohisofficewasanadvantageonrainydays.

問題1選項

A.vicinity

B.neighborhood

C.surroundings

D.confines

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A:vicinity“附近，鄰近；附近地區(qū)”；B:neighborhood“地區(qū)；某地區(qū)的人”；C:surroundings“（周圍的）環(huán)境［事物］；環(huán)境”；D:confines“境界；限度；范圍”。句意：這公寓離他的辦公室很近，在雨天時是一大優(yōu)勢。根據(jù)語境可知A為正確答案。

8.單選題

Aviolentthunderstormwas（）asdarkcloudswerecollectingoverhead.

問題1選項

A.eminent

B.imminent

C.instantaneous

D.simultaneous

【答案】B

【解析】eminent杰出的；imminent即將來臨的；instantaneous即時的；simultaneous同時的。句意：當(dāng)烏云在頭頂聚集時,一場暴風(fēng)雨即將到來。選項B符合句意。

9.單選題

Whenyoutakemedicine,becarefulnotto___thatamountprintedonthebottle.

問題1選項

A.exceed

B.substitute

C.exert

D.surpass

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項exceed“超過；勝過（超過什么數(shù)量或者超過法律、命令等的限制）”；B選項substitute“替代”；C選項exert“運用，發(fā)揮；施以影響”；D選項surpass“超越（比某人或某事物做得更好）；勝過，優(yōu)于；非……所能辦到或理解”。句意：當(dāng)你服藥時，注意不要___瓶子上印著的量。本句表達“超過印的數(shù)量”，因此A選項正確。

10.單選題

Childrenmaynotenjoytoeatsweetsafteramealsomuchasatothertimes,butitishealthier

A

B

C

forthemtodoso.

D

問題1選項

A.toeat

B.somuchas

C.at

D.todo

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。enjoydoingsth.意為“喜歡做某事”。

試題答案：A;eating

11.單選題

Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholders.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbossespaytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptions,sothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.

ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica’slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheirlead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.

Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss’sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.

Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformance.

Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover$1billionwhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.

Inshort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage一whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.

1.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?

2.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggest?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?

問題1選項

A.Todiversifythebusinessofcorporation.

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.

D.toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.

問題2選項

A.Boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult.

B.Outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent.

C.Withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously.

D.Cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms.

問題3選項

A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.

B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.

C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.

D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.

問題4選項

A.Doubtful.

B.Optimistic.

C.Positive.

D.Approving.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:1.【選項釋義】

1.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?1.大企業(yè)把外來者招進董事會的目的是什么？

A.Todiversifythebusinessofcorporation.A.使公司業(yè)務(wù)多樣化。

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.B.加強高級管理人員與董事會之間的合作。

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.C.對企業(yè)管理進行有效改革。

D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.D.保護股東利益。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容“美國公司一直在努力尋找方法來阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價來牟取私利。最受歡迎的三項改革是：招募更多的外部董事以使董事會更加獨立……”，可知，招募外來者進董事會的目的是阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價來牟取私利，即保護股東的利益，D項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A項“使公司業(yè)務(wù)多樣化”是韋斯特法爾的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與題干無關(guān)，屬于張冠李戴；

B項“加強高級管理人員與董事會之間的合作”根據(jù)解題思路可知，該項曲解原文；

C項“對企業(yè)管理進行有效改革”，根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“但這些改革真的有效嗎？本周在波士頓召開的管理學(xué)會年會上提交的三篇論文表明，答案是否定的。”可知，把外來者招進董事會的這種改革是沒有作用的，該項屬于反向干擾。

第2題:2.【選項釋義】

2.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggest?2.詹姆斯?韋斯特法爾教授的研究表明了什么？

A.Boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult.A.董事會改革未能達到預(yù)期效果。

B.Outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent.B.外部董事往往更獨立。

C.Withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously.C.在董事會里擠滿了局外人的情況下，高級經(jīng)理們工作起來會更加認(rèn)真。

D.Cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms.D.高層管理人員和董事會之間的合作受到了改革的影響。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞ProfessorJamesWestphal定位到第三段，最后一句提到“JamesWestphal教授發(fā)現(xiàn)董事會里全是外部人士的老板們花了很多時間來建立聯(lián)盟，牟取私利，以及取悅外部人士”，潛在意思是說，董事會改革并沒有達到預(yù)期效果。選項A符合原文。

【干擾項排除】

B項“外部董事往往更獨立”和D項“高層管理人員和董事會之間的合作受到了改革的影響”沒有體現(xiàn)，屬于無中生有；

C項“在董事會里擠滿了局外人的情況下，高級經(jīng)理們工作起來會更加認(rèn)真”，根據(jù)第三段第二和第三句“從表面上，將老板的心腹趕出董事會，并由外部人士取代他們，似乎是讓高級管理人員更負責(zé)任的完美方法。但這并不是JamesWestphal教授的一項研究的結(jié)論?！笨芍擁棽⒉皇钦材匪?韋斯特法爾教授的研究結(jié)果，該項屬于反向干擾。

第3題:3.【選項釋義】

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?3.下列哪一項是正確的？

A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.A.一般來說，公司高管們的高薪是值得的。

B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.B.公司高管的收入與公司利潤的增長成正比。

C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.C.公司高管們往往利用他們的職位來牟利。

D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.D.公司高管的業(yè)績對其自身利益的影響大于對股東利益的影響。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第三段最后一句“董事會里全是外部人士的老板們花了很多時間來建立聯(lián)盟，牟取私利，以及取悅外部人士”可推斷，公司高管利用自己的職位之便來取悅外部人士，以牟取私利，C項“公司高管們往往利用他們的職位來牟利”符合題意。故該題選擇C項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A項“一般來說，公司高管們的高薪是值得的”，根據(jù)第四段最后一句“這類公司將業(yè)務(wù)多元化，增加高管薪酬，并削弱薪酬與業(yè)績之間的聯(lián)系（increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformance）”可知，董事會改革削弱了薪酬和業(yè)績之間的關(guān)系，雖然高管薪酬增加了，但可以推斷，高管并不值得這么高的薪酬，該項屬于反向干擾；

B項“公司高管的收入與公司利潤的增長成正比”，原文中沒有提到公司利潤和公司高管收入的比較，屬于無中生有；

D項“公司高管的業(yè)績對其自身利益的影響大于對股東利益的影響”文中也沒有提到，無中生有。

第4題:4.【選項釋義】

4.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?4.作者如何看待控制高級管理人員的努力？

A.Doubtful.A.懷疑的。

B.Optimistic.B.樂觀的。

C.Positive.C.積極的。

D.Approving.D.贊許的。

【考查點】觀點態(tài)度題。

【解題思路】通讀全文可知，作者所述的三項改革舉措并未收到預(yù)期的效果，反而適得其反，事與愿違，由此我們可以判斷作者對其最終的結(jié)果顯然持懷疑的態(tài)度，所以A項“懷疑的”正確。

【干擾項排除】B項“樂觀的”、C項“積極的”和D項“贊許的”根據(jù)解題思路可知，屬于反向干擾。

12.單選題

Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe（）us,Ithinkit’shightimewe（）strongactionsagainsthim.

問題1選項

A.betrayed...take

B.hadbetrayed...took

C.hasbetrayed...took

D.hasbetrayed...take

【答案】B

【解析】語法題——考查過去完成時態(tài)。Itis/wasthefirsttimethat+完成時表示這是第一次做某事，在這句話中，用完成時主要是為了強調(diào)表示過去的某一個動作或行為的影響，所以必須用完成時態(tài)。而本句的謂語動詞為“was”，所以該動作是發(fā)生在過去的過去，要使用過去完成時態(tài)。it’shightime后面接虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用過去式，可排除A、D項。句意：這已經(jīng)不是他第一次背叛我們了，我想是時候?qū)λ扇娪残袆恿?。因此B選項正確。

13.單選題

Asanimportant（）forouremotionsandideas,musiccanplayahugeroleinourlife.

問題1選項

A.vessel

B.vest

C.venture

D.vehicle

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項vessel“船，器皿”，B項vest“背心，汗衫”，C項venture“冒險旅行”，D項vehicle“車輛，交通工具，運載工具”。后文提到“音樂在生活中發(fā)揮重要作用”，根據(jù)前文的ouremotionandideas（我們的情感和思想）可知空格處表示“載體”。句意：作為情感和思想的重要載體，音樂在我們的生活中扮演著重要的角色。因此，該題D項正確。

14.單選題

Insomeculturestheessenceofmagicisitstraditionalintegrity;itcanbeefficientonlyifithasbeen（）withoutlossfromprimevaltimestothepresentpractitioner.

問題1選項

A.conventionalized

B.manipulated

C.transmitted

D.aggrandized

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項conventionalized“使習(xí)俗化；使樣式化”；B選項manipulated“操作”；C選項transmitted“傳輸；傳送”；D選項aggrandize“增加；夸大；強化”。句意：在一些文化中，魔術(shù)的精華是它傳統(tǒng)的完整性；只有當(dāng)它從古代到今天都完整地傳遞下來時它才有效果。因此C選項正確。

15.單選題

It’snogood______him.Heisalwaysindifferenttowardsothers’matters.

問題1選項

A.toturnto

B.turningto

C.turnto

D.turnedto

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.toturnto求助于B.turningto求助于

C.turnto求助于D.turnedto求助于

【考查點】固定搭配。

【解題思路】由nogood可知，it’snogooddoingsth.是固定搭配，表示“做某事是沒用的”，故該題選擇B項。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D項不符合固定搭配。

【句意】求助于他是沒有用的。他對別人的事總是漠不關(guān)心。

16.單選題

ContrarytothesuggestionmadelastweekbyEliotSpitzer,theNewYorkStateattorneyGeneral,long-termmutualfundinvestorsarenotsignificantlyworseoffbecauseofshort-termtradingbymarkertimers.Buttradinginforeignstockmutualfundsconstitutesamajorexceptiontothisgeneralrule.

Spitzer’scommentscameonWednesday,whenhesaidthatsomefundcompanieshadallowedfavoredclientstobuyorselltheirfundsafterthestockmarketclose.Notonlywouldthisbeillegal,butitwouldalsoviolateinvestors’trustthatmutual,fundsputtheindividualandinstitutionalinvestorsonanequalfooting.

Mr.Spitzerannouncedthathehadreacheda$40millionsettlementwithEdwardJ.Stemandhishedgefund,CanaryCapitalPartners,whichdidnotadmitwrongdoing.Theattorneygeneralsaidfurtherinvestigationsofthemutualfundindustrywereunderway.

Hedidnotallegethatmarkettimingfrequentswitchingbetweenfundsandcash,generallytosidestepmarketdeclineswasitselfillegal.Buthehintedthatbecausemarkettimingsometimeshadadetrimentaleffectonlongtermfundinvestors,fundsmighthaveviolatedtheirfiduciaryresponsibilitiestoshareholdersbyallowingit.

Itiseasytounderstandhowthismaybeso.Thelargecashflowsthatresultfrommarkettimers’frequenttradingcanleadtosignificanttransactioncosts,whicharebornebyallshareholders,notjustbythetradersthemselves.

Thisiswhy,accordingtoJeffreyC.Keil,avicepresidentatLipperInc.almostallfundsincludelanguageintheirprospectusesreservingtherighttorejectsharepurchasefrominvestorsdeemedtobemarkettimers.Inpractice,however,accordingtoKeil,fewfundsactuallyprohibitsomeonefrominvestinginthem,thoughmanyimposefeesthatdiscourageshort-termtrading.

Onereasonthatfewfundscompletelyclosethedoortomarkettimersmaybethatthecostsimposedbymarkettimersinmostcasesareinsignific