1、Unit 4 A garden of poems,English Poetry,Unit 1 Elements of Poetry,Skimming:,What are the differences between poetry and other forms of literature?,Poetry plays with sounds, words and grammar.,Poetry is difficult to write,but interesting to read.,Poetry calls up all the colors, feelings, experiences

2、and curious images of a dream world.,The Elements of Poetry,Images are conveyed through sensory details and figurative language. Form to hold it together. Some poems actually have a prescribed form like haikus and sonnets. Musical devices that give the poem a song-like, lyrical quality. Meaning, or

3、emotion it wants to share with the reader.,Imagery,Imagery is the senses the poem evokes in the reader. Imagery puts the reader in the poem. It helps the reader to “see” the poem. 意象是詩(shī)歌想要激起讀者感官感受的.它幫助讀者了解詩(shī)歌. Three basic kinds of images: Perceptual images 感官意象 Conceptual images 概念意象 symbolic images 象

4、征意象 The tools of imagery are Senses : sound, sight, touch, smell, taste, and emotion. Figurative language : metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, etc.,Perceptual imagery: concrete , touch 實(shí)際，感官意向 Appeals to: visual sense 圓規(guī)西施, 阿Q auditory sense 磨刀霍霍向豬羊 olfactory sense: 嗅覺 臭豆腐 tactile sense:

5、觸覺 Conceptual imagery：figures of speech 比喻: emotive 感情的, cognitive認(rèn)知的,Sensory details,Sensory details touch the five senses. They make the poem vivid to the reader. Lets look at the sensory details in the poem “Those Winter Sundays.”,Those Winter Sundays,Sundays too my father got up early and put hi

6、s clothes on in the blueblack cold, tactile sense then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather made banked fires blaze. No one ever thanked him. Visual sense Id wake and hear the cold splintering, breaking. Auditory sense When the rooms were warm, hed call, tactile sense and

7、slowly I would rise and dress, fearing the chronic angers of that house, Speaking indifferently to him, who had driven out the cold and polished my good shoes as well. What did I know, what did I know of loves austere and lonely offices? Robert Hayden,“Blueblack cold” certainly makes us feel how col

8、d it was. When the fathers hands are described as “cracked hands that ached” we can feel the roughness. He describes the cold “splintering and breaking.” We can hear the trees and ice crack. And then the rooms “were warm” when the boy got up. We know how that feels on a cold day. When the boy fears

9、“the chronic angers of that house” and when he speaks “indifferently to him” we know what emotions the boy is feeling. These sensory details make the poem come alive to us and help us to feel what the boy felt on those winter Sundays.,Synaesthesia,literally, joining the senses. Synaesthesia: the des

10、cription of one type of perception or thought with words that are appropriate to another (聯(lián)覺，通感)；the mixing of sensation; the response through several senses to the stimulation of one.,感覺挪移,錢鐘書：在日常經(jīng)驗(yàn)里，眼、耳、舌、鼻、身（視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺、味覺）往往可以彼此打通，不分界線：顏色似乎會(huì)有溫度，聲音是乎會(huì)有形象，溫暖似乎會(huì)有重量，氣味似乎會(huì)有鋒芒。,Sharp voice 聲音的形象 Loud

11、perfume 氣味的鋒芒 Cold color 顏色的溫度,I cannot see what flowers are at my feet, Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs, 柔軟的香味， 這里講的是氣味。,Figurative Language,Figurative language is words not meant to be taken literally. The words are symbolic. We know these images as metaphor, simile, personification, h

12、yperbole, and others. Because the poet is comparing a less familiar object to a common one, the comparison makes the familiar image stronger. See A Red ,Red Rose by Robert Burns See Imagism See e.e cummings,Music,The poet uses musical devices to make the poem song-like. In fact, some poems are/were

13、songs. The musical devices we will discuss, and be responsible for, are onomatopoeia 擬聲, rhythm節(jié)奏, rhyme韻腳, letters字母, repetition重復(fù), pause 停頓, and enjambment詩(shī)句之連續(xù).,Onomatopoeia 擬聲,We are familiar with onomatopoeia even if we dont understand the word. When two cars collide, what sound do they make? C

14、rash! That is onomatopoeia words that make the sound they are imitating. Here is a poem by Eve Merriam appropriately titled “Onomatopoeia.” See how many sounds are heard.,Onomatopoeia,The rusty spigot 生銹的水龍頭 sputter, utters a sputter, 噴濺聲 spatters a smattering of drops, 灑 gashes wider; 裂縫 slash, spl

15、atters, scatters, spurts, finally stops sputtering and plash! gushes rushes splashes clear water dashes.,Rhythm,Rhythm is the beat of a poem. It is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. There are several rhythm patterns in poetry which we will not go into in this presentation which will

16、be shown later. Lets look at the following poem and see if we can identify the pattern of stressed and unstressed beats.,Counting-Out Rhyme Silver bark of beech , and sallow - | - | - | Bark of yellow birch and yellow - | -| -| Twig of willow. -| - Stripe of green in moosewood maple, Colour seen in

17、leaf of apples, Bark of popple. Wood of popple pale as moonbeam, Wood of oak for yoke and bran-beam, Wood of hornbeam. Silver bark of beech, and hollow Stem of elder, tall and yellow Twig of willow. -Edna St. Vincent Millay,Rhyme,Exact rhyme are words that have the exact same-sounding ending, like c

18、at and hat 嚴(yán)格的韻律 Slant rhyme words sound similar, but arent exact, like one and down. A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming words. 韻腳的組合是韻腳的詞的形式. Look at the following poem and identify the rhyme scheme.,Reapers Jean Toomer Black reapers with the sound of steel on stones Are sharpening scythes. I

19、 see them place the hones In their hip-pockets as a thing thats done, And start their silent swinging, one by one. Black horses drive a mower through the weeds, And there, a field rat, startled, squealing bleeds, His belly close to ground, I see the blade, Blood-stained, continue cutting weeds and s

20、hade.,Letters,Repetitive initial consonant sounds in a poem are called alliteration. 押頭韻 Repetition of other consonant sounds is called consonance. 和音. Repetitive vowel sounds are called assonance. 諧音,準(zhǔn)押韻 The following poem has many examples of each. See how many you can find. Also notice what other

21、 element of poetry you can find.,Fueled by Marcie Hans Fueled by a million man-made wings of fire the rocket tore a tunnel through the sky and everybody cheered, Fueled only by a thought from God the seedling urged its way through the thickness of black 押頭韻 and as it pierced the ceiling of the soil

22、and launched itself up into outer space no one even clapped.,Repetition,Poems also create music through the repetition of words and lines. Look at the poem “One Perfect Rose” by Dorothy Parker. One line is repeated three times. Notice how the meaning of the line changes by the third repetition.,One

23、Perfect Roseby Dorothy Parker,A single flowr he sent me, since we met. All tenderly his messenger he chose; Deep-hearted, pure with scented dew still wet One perfect rose. I knew the language of the flowerlet; “My fragile leaves,” it said, “his heart enclose.” Love long has taken for his amulet One

24、perfect rose. Why is it no one ever sent me yet One perfect limousine, do you suppose? Ah no, its always just my luck to get One perfect rose.,Pause,When we read poetry, we must be careful to read it with the punctuation the author provided. Our tendency is to pause at the end of each line when we s

25、hould pause at the punctuation marks. When pauses come in the middle of the line, we call it a caesura 休止/句逗. When the line continues to the next line we call it enjambment.連續(xù) The next slides show examples of each.,EnjambmentWe Real Coolby Gwendolyn Brooks,We real cool. We Left school. We Lurk late.

26、 We Strike straight. We Sing sin. We Thin gin. We Jazz June. We die soon.,Notice that the enjambment forces you to pause before the end of the line. The word we is emphasized and gives the poem a syncopated (切分的) rhythm, similar to the rhythm in jazz. This is appropriate since the poem is about the

27、period of the 30s when Prohibition was in effect and jazz was king.,Form,Form is the structure of the poem. Any type of writing must have something to hold it together. The structure can be created through many means: meter 韻律, stanza詩(shī)節(jié), rhyme scheme韻腳的組合, Or set patterns of poetry like sonnet十四行詩(shī),

28、haiku 俳句, concrete具體詩(shī)歌, and others.,Meter is the set pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. The main meter patterns are Iambic - U/ (one foot) Trochee - /U Anapest - UU/ Dactyl - /U,Meter,Iambic 抑揚(yáng)格,Iambic is the most common pattern of meter since it is the way we generall

29、y talk . It is the unstressed/stressed syllable pattern. Here is an example of iambic lines: Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, (/U|U/|U/|U/) The bridal of the earth and sky; (U/|U/|U/|U/) The dew shall weep thy fall to night, (U/|U/|U/|U/) For thou must die.(U/|U/|)(from “Virtue” by George Her

30、bert),Trochee 揚(yáng)抑格,Trochee is the reverse of an iamb. It is a stressed/unstressed pattern like in this line: Piping down the valleys wild, (/U|/U|/U|/) Piping songs of pleasant glee, (/U|/U|/U|/) On a cloud I saw a child, (/U|/U|/U|/) From “Songs of Innocence” by William Blake,Anapest 抑抑揚(yáng)格,Anapest is

31、 a meter pattern that sounds like hoof-beats. UU/|UU/ A tutor who tooted the flute (/|UU/|UU/|/) Tried to teach two young tooters to toot.,Stanza 節(jié)/段,A stanza in poetry is like a paragraph in prose. The author divides the poem by grouping words into stanzas. We can often see the structure of the poe

32、m by the authors use of stanza.,Rhyme Scheme 韻腳的組合,Having a certain rhyme scheme also is a way to give structure to poetry. Look at the rhyme scheme in the poem “Cross” by Langston Hughes. See how it holds the poem together. Also notice the use of stanzas. Why did Hughes put these words in the stanza?,Are poems good for our life? What can we get from poems?,1. Poems bring passion (激情) to our life.,2. Poems help us to understand life, virtues, beauty and romance,3. Poems make us know, we are here,we can make our life and the world more colorful!,Saying Good-bye