1、英語(yǔ)名詞和冠詞考點(diǎn),名詞的種類（2大類）,專有名詞和普通名詞 專有名詞主要是指任命、地名及某些類人和事物專有的名稱，專有名詞第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)。（人、地名、某類人、抽象名詞、月日節(jié)日、書(shū)名電影詩(shī)歌、對(duì)人家的稱呼） Einstein，Broadway Jews（某類人） CCTV Easter Avatar Uncle Tom,普通名詞,個(gè)體名詞 集體名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 抽象名詞,可數(shù) 不可數(shù),個(gè)體名詞(有單復(fù)數(shù)),可以指代具體人或物 Most classroom have computers. 也可以指代抽象東西 A new century has just begun.一個(gè)新的世紀(jì)剛剛開(kāi)始。 I h

2、ad a dream last night.我昨晚做了個(gè)夢(mèng)。,集體名詞,有個(gè)體組成的集體，常用的有下列： Committee audience flock（群） Gang 一伙人 Community（社區(qū)） Cast 演員總稱 herd牛群 Crew 船員總稱 public公眾 Staff 全體員工 press 新聞界,集體名詞用法,視為整體做單數(shù)看待，想到它的成員時(shí)候做復(fù)數(shù)看待。 The enemy has suffered heavy losses.敵人遭到嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。 The enemy are in fight.敵人正在亂竄。,集合名詞少數(shù)特別用法,1.集體名詞后面單復(fù)數(shù)都可以用； st

3、aff、audience、council 、jury 2。少數(shù)集合名詞通常用單數(shù)： Community、opposition、company、gang 3. 個(gè)別集體名詞多用做復(fù)數(shù)： Bacteria ，police,物質(zhì)名詞不可數(shù),Sugar Jam cheese oil beer coffee soup rain 1、表示一份、一杯、一種可作可數(shù)名詞用 Two strong black coffees, please Three beers, please. It was a delicious Californian Wine 2.用復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)特殊含義 It was now the tim

4、e of the spring rains(雨季),抽象名詞,抽象概念一般不可數(shù) Policy magic energy health thought faith Happiness I wish you luck 一般情況下不加任何冠詞，有特殊： I shall never forget the beauty of that lake Theres a beauty in simplicity.樸實(shí)之中有種美,可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,1.注意特殊不可數(shù)名詞 Furniture equipment clothing news information machinery 2.一些名詞可作可數(shù)、不可

5、數(shù)兩種,Number of Nouns,（1） 規(guī)則變化 1. 詞尾 + s: desks, maps, cats, roofs pens, rooms, dogs, cars 2. 詞尾 + es: buses, watches, glasses, brushes 3. 輔音 + y ies: baby babies, city cities 4. 元音 + y ys: days, boys, keys 5. 輔音 + o +es: potatoes, tomatoes, heroes 例外：kilos, photos, pianos,B. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成,Number of Nouns

6、,（1） 規(guī)則變化 6. 元音 + o + s: zoos, bamboos, radios, studios工作室 7. 詞尾f或fe ves: half halves, life lives, knife knifes /self, shelf架子，loaf 一條，wife, thief, wolf, leaf, etc 例外： roofs, chiefs 首領(lǐng)，proofs, beliefs, safes保險(xiǎn)箱, griefs 悲傷，handkerchiefs, cliffs懸崖，,B. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成,Number of Nouns,（1） 規(guī)則變化 8. 英文字母、縮寫(xiě)詞或數(shù)字、

7、年份的復(fù)數(shù)形，以加s為原則： e.g. mind your ps and qs謹(jǐn)慎行事 in the 1980s = in the 1980s phDs = phDs,B. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成,Number of Nouns,（2） 不規(guī)則變化 1. 改變?cè)舻淖帜福?man men, woman women, foot feet, goose geese, tooth teeth, mouse mice 2. 詞尾 + en 或 ren: ox oxen, child children 3. 單復(fù)數(shù)同形: deer, sheep, aircraft航空器，cattle, Chinese,B.

8、 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成,Number of Nouns,（2） 不規(guī)則變化 4. 外來(lái)語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形： datum data, basis bases, crisis crises, antenna antennae, medium media, analysis analyses, ,B. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成,Number of Nouns,（3） 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù) 1. 主體詞后改為復(fù)數(shù)： passers-by 行人， fathers-in-law岳父， maid-servants女仆 editors-in-chief 2. 前后兩詞均改為復(fù)數(shù)： men-servants, women-docto

9、rs, 3. 多數(shù)合成詞以詞尾+ s: grown-ups, forget-me-nots 勿忘草,B. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成,Number of Nouns,1. 表示不可數(shù)名詞量的概念，要使用單位名詞。. a bar of chocolate, a piece of furniture, a drop of water, an item of news, a loaf of bread, a piece of advice 2. 某些數(shù)量詞只能修飾可數(shù)名詞： many, few/a few, a (large) number of, a good many of, etc. 3. 某些數(shù)量詞

10、只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞：much, little/a little, a great deal of, a large amount of, a quantity of,C. 使用名詞單復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng),Number of Nouns,4. 某些數(shù)量詞既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞： some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a percentage of 5. 有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特殊的意義： times時(shí)代， works著作， goods貨物，greens蔬菜， regards 問(wèn)候，contents 目錄，papers論文/文件，parts零件 direc

11、tions 指示/用法， gains 收獲 ，numbers數(shù)字，算數(shù) measures/means手段/措施， pains辛苦， remains遺跡/殘余，communications通訊系統(tǒng)/交通工具, movies電影 calculations計(jì)算的結(jié)果， oils 油畫(huà)，letters文學(xué)，brains智力 colors徽章，,C. 使用名詞單復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng),Number of Nouns,6. 有些名詞常用其復(fù)數(shù)形式： shoes, gloves, scissors, trousers, compasses圓規(guī)， jeans, glasses, savings 儲(chǔ)蓄， surrou

12、ndings環(huán)境， finds研究結(jié)果，earnings 薪水, funds資金，arms武器 make friends with, burst into tears, in other words, at all costs不惜任何代價(jià)， forces部隊(duì) on second thoughts進(jìn)一步考慮后， make preparations for為作準(zhǔn)備,C. 使用名詞單復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng),7. 有些名詞常用其單數(shù)形式：,某些動(dòng)物： bison 野牛 deer reindeer cod鱈魚(yú) salmon trout鱒魚(yú) Craft及其合成詞 aircraft hovercraft spac

13、ecraft 某國(guó)人 Chinese Species means works offsprings,Number of Nouns,8. 有些國(guó)家名或?qū)W科名詞看上去是復(fù)數(shù)，其意義是單數(shù)： physics, politics, electronics, mathematics, economics, the United States, the United Nations, news, gymnastics體操，statistics統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué) The Arabian Nights 天方夜譚,C. 使用名詞單復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng),名詞所有格 possessive case,1、構(gòu)成 單數(shù)+s 復(fù)數(shù)后面+

14、 名詞復(fù)數(shù)不以s結(jié)尾+s 以s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞后加+s或者+ s、Burnss/Burns poems,名詞所有格用法,1、表示人的名詞后面 2、高級(jí)動(dòng)物名稱或個(gè)別低級(jí)動(dòng)物 3、無(wú)生命的名詞后 時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、國(guó)家、城市、集體或機(jī)構(gòu)。,名詞所有格的特殊意義,1、主動(dòng)關(guān)系He was pleased by his teachers praise 2、被動(dòng)關(guān)系 The play ends with Hamlets murder 3、特征 The young boy has a mans voices 小孩有個(gè)大人嗓子 4、還可與of引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)結(jié)合使用 I have only read four b

15、ooks of Dickenss.,名詞作定語(yǔ),Time zone power politics family name Zip code news agency feature film故事片 Income tax seat belt identity card Arms depot軍火庫(kù) savings banks Careers officer 就業(yè)指導(dǎo) an arts degree Gold ring金戒指 golden sunshine 金色的陽(yáng)光 Stone house stony heart,Number of Nouns,1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)的一致關(guān)系 a) 由and連接

16、兩個(gè)名詞或者代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), A and B分為以下四種情況： 1) A、B表示不同的人、物或者觀念的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式 Li Ming and Zhang Hua are good students. Both the parents and the children are here. 2) A、B表示同一個(gè)人、物或者觀念的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式 A journalist and author lives in the sixth flat. The turner and fitter is under twenty-five.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,Number of Noun

17、s,3) and連接幾個(gè)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)由each、 every、 no、 many a等詞修飾的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù) Each boy and each girl is invited. Every boy and girl is invited. No boy and no girl is there now. 4) A、B為兩個(gè)不可分的東西時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up. Bread and butter is nutritious.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,Number of

18、Nouns,b) 由or, not only but also , either or , neither nor 連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)與靠近的主語(yǔ)一致 （注意，敘述句和疑問(wèn)句隨語(yǔ)序不同而不同） Either you or I am mad. Neither you nor he is naughty. Not only the farmer but also his family were friendly to me.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,Number of Nouns,c) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后跟 but, with, along with, together with, besides,

19、except, like, including, as well as, rather than 等詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不受詞組的影響，僅和主語(yǔ)保持一致: All but one were here just now. A library with five thousand books is offered to nation as a gift.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,2.單一主語(yǔ)的情況 a) 以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，例如physics, maths, economics, news, means, works, 等一般在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中用單數(shù)形式, 當(dāng)然，若表示復(fù)數(shù)的意思則另當(dāng)別論 Physi

20、cs is very important. Every means has been tried.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,Number of Nouns,2.單一主語(yǔ)的情況 b) b) 表示雙部分工具的名稱，衣服名稱等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，例如trousers/pants, shoes, glasses, scissors, goods, clothers等，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果這些詞由Pair (suit, piece, series,kind) + of修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù) My trousers are white and his clothes are black. A pair of sci

21、ssors is lying in that drawer. 但是在these/those pairs () of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞之后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式 These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,3. 動(dòng)名詞，不定式，從句作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一 般要用單數(shù) To see is to believe. Swimming is a good way to keep health. Who is her father is not known.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,4. 集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí) a) mankind/huma

22、nity/man（人類）作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式 Only man is knows how to cook. b) 由people, police, cattle, youth等集體名詞作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 The cattle are grazing in the field,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,c) Family, crowd, class, public, enemy等集體名詞作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候 i. 若當(dāng)整體看，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式 Our class is very diligent. ii. 若他們表示的人或者事物當(dāng)作若干個(gè)個(gè)體來(lái)看，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式 Wh

23、en I came into the room, his family were watching TV. iii. A family/group/class 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù); families/groups/classes作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) A group is coming to the zoo.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,5. 其他情況 a) 主語(yǔ)為表示距離、時(shí)間、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值、金額、重量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式 3 kilometers is not very far. Three times three makes nine.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,b) one

24、, every/each one, each, anyone, either, neither + of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞： 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式，因?yàn)閛f之后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞不是主語(yǔ)而是介詞of的賓語(yǔ)，of前面的one, every one 才是主語(yǔ) Neither of them is right. Each of them has a slide. c) none of + 不可數(shù)名詞謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式 none of + 可數(shù)名詞謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)均可 None of that money in the desk is his. None of his classmates knows the tr

25、uth.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,d) 分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 詞組 分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于of后的名詞或者代詞的數(shù)；若名詞或代詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，若名詞或代詞是單數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) Three-thirds of the surface of the earth is sea. Tens of tons of waste goes into the air with the smoke every day. e) more than one + (單數(shù)名詞) + 單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 more than two + (復(fù)數(shù)名詞) + 復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 More t

26、han one white rose has bloomed. More than two white roses have bloomed.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,f) a (great) number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞 the number of + 任何名詞 用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞 A great number of tourists have been to the Great Wall. The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten. g) the + 形容詞，表示一類人 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) the + 形

27、容詞，表示一類物 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it. The beautiful is here.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,h) every, any, some, no 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞： everyone, everybody, everything anyone, anybody, anything someone, somebody, something no one, nobody, nothing 這些復(fù)合詞作主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式 Everyone in the class was

28、 surprised at the news. Listen, someone is knocking at the door.,D.名詞的數(shù)與一致性,名詞的性別,God goddess Fiance fiancee 未婚妻、 Tiger tigeress Ram ewe母羊 A he-goat A she-wolf,名詞在句中的作用(9種),主語(yǔ) Knowledge is power 表語(yǔ) Smoking is my only weakness 賓語(yǔ) Did you get my fax 定語(yǔ) We bought a new color Tv 同位語(yǔ) This is our departme

29、nt dean, Dr OWen 呼語(yǔ) Moring, Edwin. 狀語(yǔ) Well meet Monday. 介詞賓語(yǔ) she majored in Physics at Yale. 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) They elected James to be chairman.,冠詞的用法：,什么是“冠”詞？,冠詞,The woman with a large hat on her head is beautiful.,冠詞，顧名思義，就是戴在名詞頭上的一頂帽子。它是虛詞，本身不能單獨(dú)使用，只能附在一個(gè)名詞上幫助說(shuō)明這名詞的含義。英語(yǔ)中冠詞有兩個(gè)，一是定冠詞（the Definite Article），翻譯

30、成“這個(gè)”或“這些”；一是不定冠詞（the Indefinite Article） 譯作“一個(gè)”或“一類” 比如：我們說(shuō)“書(shū)” 用“book”是對(duì)的，但是，放在一個(gè)句子里，如： There is book on the desk. This is book I bought there. 以上兩句就是錯(cuò)句,a,the,定語(yǔ)從句,不定冠詞的基本用法： 1。用來(lái)表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，意思和one差不多 Eg:Rome was not built in a day. The work will be finished in a day or two. 2。也可以用來(lái)表示“某一個(gè)” This poem

31、was written by a peasant. A nurse is coming to see you. 3.代表一類人或東西 Even a child can answer this question. A horse is a useful animal.,4.在作表語(yǔ)的名詞前加不定冠詞的情形很多，主要說(shuō)明某個(gè)人或東西屬于哪一類。 The man is an engineer. Is this a book or a magazine? 5.用在一些固定搭配中和習(xí)慣用法中，要注意記憶！ all of a sudden=suddenly as a matter of fact=in f

32、act in a hurry at a time pay a visit to play a trick on have a try play a joke on have a rest take a look Studying English is a must. Its really a bargain.,a kind of a sort of a lot of=lots of a number of=numbers of a large quantity of=large quantities of a great deal of It is a pleasure.=Its my ple

33、asure. As a writer, he is a great success. The meeting proves to be a failure. You really gave me a surprise. What a pity/shame!,注意“a”和“an” a boy an hour a hero an island a useful tool an honest girl a university an effective method 元音音素發(fā)音的詞前用“an” _European country There is _”s” in this word. There

34、is _ silent “b” in this word.,a,an,a,使用定冠詞的場(chǎng)合：,1。特指某些人和物 Beijing is the capital of the PRC. 2。指談話雙方都知道的人和物 Please open the door. 3。指前文中提到的人和事 I met a girl yesterday.The girl is a nurse. 4。用在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事情或方位的名詞前。 The earth moves round the sun.,5.用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，用來(lái)表示一類人或事。 The tiger is in danger of dying out.

35、The telephone was invented by Bell. 6。用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前 He directed the first and also the best film in his country. 7。用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脈和群島的名稱前 the Yellow River the Pacific Ocean 8。用在某些由普通名詞和其它一些詞組成的專有名詞前:the Great Wall,9.用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人 the Turners the Greens the Smiths The Lis 10。在某些國(guó)名前 the United States the United Kingdom 11。在某些形容詞前，表示一類人或事 the poor/rich/dead/living/wounded 12。表示朝代和年代的詞前 the Ming Dynasty in the 1980s 13。在好多習(xí)慣用法中,in the morning/afternoon/evening in the end in the beginning at the end of at the beginning of In the front of in the middle of on the contrary on the other ha